See top in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "tope",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: tope",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: tope"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "tope",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: tope",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: tope"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "topo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: topo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: topo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "toupet",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "toupet"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "toupet",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Norman: toupet, tupé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: toupet, tupé"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "topet",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: topet",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: topet"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "topoie",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "der",
"3": "gmw-pro>*topp>top",
"id": "summit"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*topp"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *topp",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Frankish *topp.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "top oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "tos",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tos",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "top",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "top oblique singular, m (oblique plural tos, nominative singular tos, nominative plural top)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hair on top of one's head, forelock"
],
"id": "en-top-fro-noun-ftnRd4Th",
"links": [
[
"hair",
"hair"
],
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"forelock",
"forelock"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, highest point"
],
"id": "en-top-fro-noun-bJ96EE59",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
],
[
"highest",
"highest"
],
[
"point",
"point"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 4 71 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tuft of flax placed on distaff"
],
"id": "en-top-fro-noun-jf-TwaPS",
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
],
[
"flax",
"flax"
],
[
"distaff",
"distaff"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fro",
"name": "Ship parts",
"orig": "fro:Ship parts",
"parents": [
"Nautical",
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"top (ship)"
],
"id": "en-top-fro-noun-nWrmqt6X"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "tup"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "tupe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "tope"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "toup"
}
],
"word": "top"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Frankish",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 29 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "tope",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: tope",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: tope"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "tope",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: tope",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: tope"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "topo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: topo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: topo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "toupet",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "toupet"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "toupet",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Norman: toupet, tupé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: toupet, tupé"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "topet",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: topet",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: topet"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "topoie",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "der",
"3": "gmw-pro>*topp>top",
"id": "summit"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*topp"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *topp",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Frankish *topp.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "top oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "tos",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tos",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "top",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "top oblique singular, m (oblique plural tos, nominative singular tos, nominative plural top)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hair on top of one's head, forelock"
],
"links": [
[
"hair",
"hair"
],
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"forelock",
"forelock"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, highest point"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
],
[
"highest",
"highest"
],
[
"point",
"point"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tuft of flax placed on distaff"
],
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
],
[
"flax",
"flax"
],
[
"distaff",
"distaff"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"fro:Ship parts"
],
"glosses": [
"top (ship)"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tup"
},
{
"word": "tupe"
},
{
"word": "tope"
},
{
"word": "toup"
}
],
"word": "top"
}
Download raw JSONL data for top meaning in Old French (3.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'top oblique singular or', originally 'top oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"top"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "top",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'top oblique singular or', originally 'top oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"top"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "top",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'top oblique singular or' in 'top oblique singular, m (oblique plural tos, nominative singular tos, nominative plural top)'",
"path": [
"top"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "top",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.