See sam- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for sam- meaning in Old English (4.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "sam-"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: sam-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: sam-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sam"
},
"expansion": "English: sam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: sam"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*sāmi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sāmi-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*sēmi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sēmi-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sēmi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sēmi-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "sām-"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon sām-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "sāmi-"
},
"expansion": "Old High German sāmi-",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *sāmi-, from Proto-Germanic *sēmi-, from Proto-Indo-European *sēmi-. Cognate with Old Saxon sām-, Old High German sāmi-. Compare semi-.\nSince the i-umlaut of /ɑ̃:/ is /e:/ and unstressed short high vowels were lost after a heavy syllable, the expected outcome would have been *sēm- (sometimes *sem-; see below). Two developments interfered. First, lack of i-umlaut shows that the final *-i was replaced with *-a in this prefix, perhaps by analogy with its synonym *halba- (later healf-). Second, the root vowel shows shortening, since without i-umlaut the regular outcome of /ɑ̃:/ is /o:/.\nIn most compounds of sam- this shortening is expected, since a prehistoric sound change shortened long vowels before (1) clusters of three consonants, (2) two consonants plus two syllables, or (3) geminates. This shortening could have been eliminated by analogy in many cases (there is no way to know how often, as Old English manuscripts do not normally mark vowel length), but it was apparently maintained in sam-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "ang-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"half-"
],
"id": "en-sam--ang-prefix-qWlC3F3h",
"links": [
[
"half-",
"half-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literally) half-"
],
"tags": [
"literally",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"partially"
],
"id": "en-sam--ang-prefix-S1bqjq4t",
"links": [
[
"partially",
"partially"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) partially"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɑm/"
}
],
"word": "sam-"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*samaz",
"4": "",
"5": "together"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *samaz (“together”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*somHós",
"4": "",
"5": "same"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-",
"4": "",
"5": "one, together"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "samen",
"3": "",
"4": "together"
},
"expansion": "Old English samen (“together”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "same",
"3": "",
"4": "manner, similitude"
},
"expansion": "Old English same (“manner, similitude”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *samaz (“together”), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”), Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”). Compare Old English samen (“together”), Old English same (“manner, similitude”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "ang-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "unanimous, \"same-hearted\"",
"text": "samheort",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"union, combination, agreement; together, con-"
],
"id": "en-sam--ang-prefix-I0Htv7r5",
"links": [
[
"union",
"union"
],
[
"combination",
"combination"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
],
[
"together",
"together"
],
[
"con-",
"con-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɑm/"
}
],
"word": "sam-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English prefixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "sam-"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: sam-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: sam-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sam"
},
"expansion": "English: sam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: sam"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*sāmi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sāmi-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*sēmi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sēmi-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sēmi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sēmi-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "sām-"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon sām-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "sāmi-"
},
"expansion": "Old High German sāmi-",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *sāmi-, from Proto-Germanic *sēmi-, from Proto-Indo-European *sēmi-. Cognate with Old Saxon sām-, Old High German sāmi-. Compare semi-.\nSince the i-umlaut of /ɑ̃:/ is /e:/ and unstressed short high vowels were lost after a heavy syllable, the expected outcome would have been *sēm- (sometimes *sem-; see below). Two developments interfered. First, lack of i-umlaut shows that the final *-i was replaced with *-a in this prefix, perhaps by analogy with its synonym *halba- (later healf-). Second, the root vowel shows shortening, since without i-umlaut the regular outcome of /ɑ̃:/ is /o:/.\nIn most compounds of sam- this shortening is expected, since a prehistoric sound change shortened long vowels before (1) clusters of three consonants, (2) two consonants plus two syllables, or (3) geminates. This shortening could have been eliminated by analogy in many cases (there is no way to know how often, as Old English manuscripts do not normally mark vowel length), but it was apparently maintained in sam-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "ang-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"half-"
],
"links": [
[
"half-",
"half-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literally) half-"
],
"tags": [
"literally",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"partially"
],
"links": [
[
"partially",
"partially"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) partially"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɑm/"
}
],
"word": "sam-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English prefixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*samaz",
"4": "",
"5": "together"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *samaz (“together”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*somHós",
"4": "",
"5": "same"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-",
"4": "",
"5": "one, together"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "samen",
"3": "",
"4": "together"
},
"expansion": "Old English samen (“together”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "same",
"3": "",
"4": "manner, similitude"
},
"expansion": "Old English same (“manner, similitude”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *samaz (“together”), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”), Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”). Compare Old English samen (“together”), Old English same (“manner, similitude”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sam-",
"name": "ang-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "unanimous, \"same-hearted\"",
"text": "samheort",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"union, combination, agreement; together, con-"
],
"links": [
[
"union",
"union"
],
[
"combination",
"combination"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
],
[
"together",
"together"
],
[
"con-",
"con-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɑm/"
}
],
"word": "sam-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.