See toppen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "English: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "tap"
},
"expansion": "Scots: tap",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: tap"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "top",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "top + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From top + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toppen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to toppen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ytopped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "toppen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "topp"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 42 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 36 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To combat; to enter into conflict."
],
"id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-jSG7~mYV",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 42 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 36 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 77 10",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "enm:Hair",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To shave; to make bald."
],
"id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-~NWj0V8t",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To shave; to make bald."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Late Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "39 42 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 36 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 57",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Roofing",
"orig": "enm:Roofing",
"parents": [
"Construction",
"Architecture",
"Engineering",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Technology",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To provide roofing; to give a roof."
],
"id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-s-8cnjTw",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof."
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔpən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppyn"
}
],
"word": "toppen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Hair",
"enm:Roofing"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "English: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "tap"
},
"expansion": "Scots: tap",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: tap"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "top",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "top + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From top + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toppen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to toppen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toppende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "topped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ytopped",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "toppen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "topp"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To combat; to enter into conflict."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To shave; to make bald."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To shave; to make bald."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Late Middle English",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To provide roofing; to give a roof."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof."
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔpən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "toppyn"
}
],
"word": "toppen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toppen meaning in Middle English (3.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (0c0c1f1 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.