See rosten in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roast"
},
"expansion": "English: roast",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: roast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "roast"
},
"expansion": "Scots: roast",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: roast"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "rostir"
},
"expansion": "Old French rostir",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*rōstijan"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *rōstijan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*raustijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *raustijaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roste",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "roast",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix",
"t1": "roast"
},
"expansion": "roste (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French rostir, from Frankish *rōstijan, from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną; equivalent to roste (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rosten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to rosten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rostest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rostedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rosteth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rosten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rosteden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rostede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rosteth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rostynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rostende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yrosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "roostyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rosty",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rosti",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "rosten",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rost"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 24 13 9 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 21 16 10 11",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:",
"To roast meat; to cook meat by roasting."
],
"id": "en-rosten-enm-verb-jHoiM1Zo",
"links": [
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"grill",
"grill"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 24 13 9 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 37 14 13 10 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 51 11 10 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 21 16 10 11",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:",
"To cook other foods by roasting."
],
"id": "en-rosten-enm-verb-9rs69qP6",
"links": [
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"grill",
"grill"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 24 13 9 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 21 16 10 11",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:",
"To torture with heat; to place under fire."
],
"id": "en-rosten-enm-verb-M~9uELP1",
"links": [
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"grill",
"grill"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 24 13 9 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 21 16 10 11",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make warm, roasted or cooked; to scorch."
],
"id": "en-rosten-enm-verb-mpZIgbLg"
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To be tortured with heat."
],
"id": "en-rosten-enm-verb-nCxV30H9",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To be tortured with heat."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 21 24 13 9 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 21 16 10 11",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To sear or parch; to make dry or parched."
],
"id": "en-rosten-enm-verb-jcvjpYHR",
"links": [
[
"sear",
"sear"
],
[
"parch",
"parch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To sear or parch; to make dry or parched."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrɔːstən/"
}
],
"word": "rosten"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Frankish",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Cooking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roast"
},
"expansion": "English: roast",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: roast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "roast"
},
"expansion": "Scots: roast",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: roast"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "rostir"
},
"expansion": "Old French rostir",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*rōstijan"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *rōstijan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*raustijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *raustijaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roste",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "roast",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix",
"t1": "roast"
},
"expansion": "roste (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French rostir, from Frankish *rōstijan, from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną; equivalent to roste (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rosten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to rosten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rostest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rostedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rosteth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rosten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rosteden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rostede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rosteth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rostynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rostende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yrosted",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "roostyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rosty",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rosti",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "roste",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "rosten",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rost"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:",
"To roast meat; to cook meat by roasting."
],
"links": [
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"grill",
"grill"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:",
"To cook other foods by roasting."
],
"links": [
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"grill",
"grill"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:",
"To torture with heat; to place under fire."
],
"links": [
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"grill",
"grill"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To make warm, roasted or cooked; to scorch."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To be tortured with heat."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To be tortured with heat."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To sear or parch; to make dry or parched."
],
"links": [
[
"sear",
"sear"
],
[
"parch",
"parch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To sear or parch; to make dry or parched."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrɔːstən/"
}
],
"word": "rosten"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rosten meaning in Middle English (5.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (58c391d and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.