See reformen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "reform"
},
"expansion": "English: reform",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: reform"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "reform",
"3": "reforme"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: reform, reforme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: reform, reforme"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "reform"
},
"expansion": "Scots: reform",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: reform"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Middle French",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "xno",
"3": "reformer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman reformer",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "rēfōrmō"
},
"expansion": "Latin rēfōrmō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "re-",
"3": "formen",
"t2": "to create"
},
"expansion": "re- + formen (“to create”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French and Anglo-Norman reformer, refourmer, from Latin rēfōrmō; equivalent to re- + formen (“to create”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "reformeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "reformende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "reformen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to reformen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "reformede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "reformeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "reformynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "refoorme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "reformyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "refourme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "reformen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "reform"
},
"expansion": "reformen (third-person singular simple present reformeth, present participle reformende, reformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reformed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "reform",
"y": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reformacioun"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To restore or return to a former situation:",
"To rejuvenate; to restore in might or power."
],
"id": "en-reformen-enm-verb-kTFbOYCj",
"links": [
[
"restore",
"restore"
],
[
"return",
"return"
],
[
"former",
"former"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"rejuvenate",
"rejuvenate"
],
[
"might",
"might"
],
[
"power",
"power"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To restore or return to a former situation:",
"To return (property); to reconcile (people)."
],
"id": "en-reformen-enm-verb-OLmqQj5K",
"links": [
[
"restore",
"restore"
],
[
"return",
"return"
],
[
"former",
"former"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"property",
"property#English"
],
[
"reconcile",
"reconcile"
],
[
"people",
"people#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To restore or return to a former situation:",
"(rare) To return (property); to reconcile (people)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 3 15 30 4 3 37 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 16 33 2 2 40 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 20 42 14 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Health",
"orig": "enm:Health",
"parents": [
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To mend or improve; to change for the better:",
"To amend or edit (writing or text)"
],
"id": "en-reformen-enm-verb-ICZ~mY2S",
"links": [
[
"mend",
"mend"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"better",
"better"
],
[
"amend",
"amend"
],
[
"edit",
"edit"
],
[
"writing",
"writing#English"
],
[
"text",
"text#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 24 46 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 16 17 27 14 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with re-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 15 30 4 3 37 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 16 33 2 2 40 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 20 42 14 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Health",
"orig": "enm:Health",
"parents": [
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 37 52 6 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Writing",
"orig": "enm:Writing",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To mend or improve; to change for the better:",
"To redress or set right (a grievance)"
],
"id": "en-reformen-enm-verb-AGioRRlr",
"links": [
[
"mend",
"mend"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"better",
"better"
],
[
"redress",
"redress"
],
[
"set right",
"set right"
],
[
"grievance",
"grievance#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 20 42 14 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Health",
"orig": "enm:Health",
"parents": [
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To recreate or remake (usually in a superior manner)"
],
"id": "en-reformen-enm-verb-m62sMu~-",
"links": [
[
"recreate",
"recreate"
],
[
"remake",
"remake"
],
[
"superior",
"superior#English"
],
[
"manner",
"manner#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Horticulture",
"orig": "enm:Horticulture",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Botany",
"Applied sciences",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Surgery",
"orig": "enm:Surgery",
"parents": [
"Medicine",
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To place or set again."
],
"id": "en-reformen-enm-verb-CtRSumNY",
"links": [
[
"surgery",
"surgery"
],
[
"horticulture",
"horticulture"
],
[
"place",
"place"
],
[
"set",
"set"
],
[
"again",
"again"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(surgery, horticulture) To place or set again."
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"horticulture",
"lifestyle",
"medicine",
"sciences",
"surgery"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/rɛːˈfɔrmən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/rɛːˈfuːrmən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/rɛːˈfurmən/"
}
],
"word": "reformen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Anglo-Norman",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Middle French",
"Middle English terms prefixed with re-",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Health",
"enm:Writing"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "reform"
},
"expansion": "English: reform",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: reform"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "reform",
"3": "reforme"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: reform, reforme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: reform, reforme"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "reform"
},
"expansion": "Scots: reform",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: reform"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Middle French",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "xno",
"3": "reformer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman reformer",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "rēfōrmō"
},
"expansion": "Latin rēfōrmō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "re-",
"3": "formen",
"t2": "to create"
},
"expansion": "re- + formen (“to create”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French and Anglo-Norman reformer, refourmer, from Latin rēfōrmō; equivalent to re- + formen (“to create”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "reformeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "reformende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "reformen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to reformen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "reformen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "reformede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "reformeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "reformynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "reformed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "refoorme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "reforme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "reformyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "refourme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "reformen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "reform"
},
"expansion": "reformen (third-person singular simple present reformeth, present participle reformende, reformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reformed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "reform",
"y": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "reformacioun"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To restore or return to a former situation:",
"To rejuvenate; to restore in might or power."
],
"links": [
[
"restore",
"restore"
],
[
"return",
"return"
],
[
"former",
"former"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"rejuvenate",
"rejuvenate"
],
[
"might",
"might"
],
[
"power",
"power"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To restore or return to a former situation:",
"To return (property); to reconcile (people)."
],
"links": [
[
"restore",
"restore"
],
[
"return",
"return"
],
[
"former",
"former"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"property",
"property#English"
],
[
"reconcile",
"reconcile"
],
[
"people",
"people#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To restore or return to a former situation:",
"(rare) To return (property); to reconcile (people)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To mend or improve; to change for the better:",
"To amend or edit (writing or text)"
],
"links": [
[
"mend",
"mend"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"better",
"better"
],
[
"amend",
"amend"
],
[
"edit",
"edit"
],
[
"writing",
"writing#English"
],
[
"text",
"text#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To mend or improve; to change for the better:",
"To redress or set right (a grievance)"
],
"links": [
[
"mend",
"mend"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"better",
"better"
],
[
"redress",
"redress"
],
[
"set right",
"set right"
],
[
"grievance",
"grievance#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To recreate or remake (usually in a superior manner)"
],
"links": [
[
"recreate",
"recreate"
],
[
"remake",
"remake"
],
[
"superior",
"superior#English"
],
[
"manner",
"manner#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Horticulture",
"enm:Surgery"
],
"glosses": [
"To place or set again."
],
"links": [
[
"surgery",
"surgery"
],
[
"horticulture",
"horticulture"
],
[
"place",
"place"
],
[
"set",
"set"
],
[
"again",
"again"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(surgery, horticulture) To place or set again."
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"horticulture",
"lifestyle",
"medicine",
"sciences",
"surgery"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/rɛːˈfɔrmən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/rɛːˈfuːrmən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/rɛːˈfurmən/"
}
],
"word": "reformen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for reformen meaning in Middle English (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (51d164f and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.