See owen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "owe"
},
"expansion": "English: owe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "aw",
"3": "awe"
},
"expansion": "Scots: aw, awe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: aw, awe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "gem-pro",
"inh": "2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "āgan"
},
"expansion": "Old English āgan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*aigan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *aigan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*aiganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aiganą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English āgan, from Proto-West Germanic *aigan, from Proto-Germanic *aiganą.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ough",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughtest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughtest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "owedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ough",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "oughteth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "oughten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "oweden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "owede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "owynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "owende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ought",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ouen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "own",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "awen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "aȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "owen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ough",
"2": "ought",
"3": "ow",
"imp_p": "—",
"p_part2": "0",
"w": "ed",
"w_p": "ow",
"w_part": "1",
"w_pres": "3",
"y": "p3"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To own, possess, have control over, have authority over"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-Wagpe-LU",
"links": [
[
"own",
"own"
],
[
"possess",
"possess"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To acquire, to receive ownership of"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-nFa1nBY6",
"links": [
[
"acquire",
"acquire"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To owe, ought to give, have a debt towards"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-wNJEcL5i",
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be obliged to give"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-fp3~V-A7",
"links": [
[
"obliged",
"obliged"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To respect, love (especially an authority)"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-zHhkqbD4",
"links": [
[
"respect",
"respect"
],
[
"love",
"love"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 7 15 6 12 32 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 11 15 9 14 23 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 11 15 9 14 24 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be appropriate, fitting, right for a situation"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-vXfZk1lj",
"links": [
[
"appropriate",
"appropriate"
],
[
"fitting",
"fitting"
],
[
"right",
"right"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ought, should, be obliged to, be obligated to"
],
"id": "en-owen-enm-verb-0B7GqmIx",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
],
[
"obliged",
"obliged"
],
[
"obligated",
"obligated"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxillary) ought, should, be obliged to, be obligated to"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɔu̯ən/"
}
],
"word": "owen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English defective verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English preterite-present verbs",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "owe"
},
"expansion": "English: owe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "aw",
"3": "awe"
},
"expansion": "Scots: aw, awe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: aw, awe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "gem-pro",
"inh": "2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "āgan"
},
"expansion": "Old English āgan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*aigan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *aigan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*aiganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aiganą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English āgan, from Proto-West Germanic *aigan, from Proto-Germanic *aiganą.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ough",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughtest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "oughtest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "owedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ough",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "oughteth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "oughten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "oughte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "oweden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "owede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "owynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "owende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "owen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "owed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ought",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ouen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "own",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "awen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "aȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "owen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ough",
"2": "ought",
"3": "ow",
"imp_p": "—",
"p_part2": "0",
"w": "ed",
"w_p": "ow",
"w_part": "1",
"w_pres": "3",
"y": "p3"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To own, possess, have control over, have authority over"
],
"links": [
[
"own",
"own"
],
[
"possess",
"possess"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To acquire, to receive ownership of"
],
"links": [
[
"acquire",
"acquire"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To owe, ought to give, have a debt towards"
],
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be obliged to give"
],
"links": [
[
"obliged",
"obliged"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To respect, love (especially an authority)"
],
"links": [
[
"respect",
"respect"
],
[
"love",
"love"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be appropriate, fitting, right for a situation"
],
"links": [
[
"appropriate",
"appropriate"
],
[
"fitting",
"fitting"
],
[
"right",
"right"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ought, should, be obliged to, be obligated to"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
],
[
"obliged",
"obliged"
],
[
"obligated",
"obligated"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxillary) ought, should, be obliged to, be obligated to"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɔu̯ən/"
}
],
"word": "owen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for owen meaning in Middle English (5.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: auxillary",
"path": [
"owen"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "owen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: auxillary",
"path": [
"owen"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "owen",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (f2d86ce and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.