See gnawen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gnaw",
"3": "knaw"
},
"expansion": "English: gnaw, knaw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: gnaw, knaw"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gnaw",
"3": "knaw"
},
"expansion": "Scots: gnaw, knaw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: gnaw, knaw"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "gnafeen",
"qq": "ppl."
},
"expansion": "Yola: gnafeen (ppl.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<gnaȝen"
},
"expansion": "(<gnaȝen)",
"name": "gl"
}
],
"text": "Yola: gnafeen (ppl.) (<gnaȝen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gnagan"
},
"expansion": "Old English gnagan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gnagan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gnagan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gnaganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gnaganą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English gnagan, from Proto-West Germanic *gnagan, Proto-Germanic *gnaganą.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gnaweth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowen",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6/7",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnow",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnogh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnow",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnogh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnaweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnow",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnogh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnaweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "gnawen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gnaweth",
"2": "gnawynge",
"3": "gnew",
"4": "gnowen"
},
"expansion": "gnawen (third-person singular simple present gnaweth, present participle gnawynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative gnew, past participle gnowen)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gnaw",
"2": "gnow",
"2a": "gnogh",
"2a2": "gnew",
"3a": "gnew",
"c": "6",
"c2": "7",
"y": "p2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gnawynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 7 7 15 12 9 11 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 9 8 15 12 7 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 6 6 9 8 7 7 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 6 6 19 14 6 16 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Talking",
"orig": "enm:Talking",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To gnaw; to persistently bite or chew."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-cjQ5P7jw",
"links": [
[
"gnaw",
"gnaw"
],
[
"persistently",
"persistently"
],
[
"bite",
"bite"
],
[
"chew",
"chew"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To eat or eliminate through gnawing."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-Du56QShq",
"links": [
[
"eat",
"eat"
],
[
"eliminate",
"eliminate"
],
[
"gnaw",
"gnaw"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To impale or wound; to pierce the skin."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-tCQxIZ2y",
"links": [
[
"impale",
"impale"
],
[
"pierce",
"pierce"
],
[
"skin",
"skin"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 6 4 27 20 6 20 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Disease",
"orig": "enm:Disease",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To wear; to cause corrosion or wastage."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-WcidlT9I",
"links": [
[
"wear",
"wear"
],
[
"corrosion",
"corrosion"
],
[
"wastage",
"wastage"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To anguish or worry; to cause concern."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-LynXOm8H",
"links": [
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"worry",
"worry"
],
[
"concern",
"concern"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To anguish or worry; to cause concern."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To mock, insult or slight; to speak negatively of."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-2y5biAkW",
"links": [
[
"mock",
"mock"
],
[
"insult",
"insult"
],
[
"slight",
"slight"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To mock, insult or slight; to speak negatively of."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To feel anguish, worry, or concern."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-z5iwcBmm",
"links": [
[
"feel",
"feel"
],
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"worry",
"worry"
],
[
"concern",
"concern"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To feel anguish, worry, or concern."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To ruin or ravage."
],
"id": "en-gnawen-enm-verb-mAML53gG",
"links": [
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"ravage",
"ravage"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To ruin or ravage."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡnau̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈknau̯ən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gnaȝen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gnauen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gnauyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gnawe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gnawyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "knauyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "knawen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "knawyn"
}
],
"word": "gnawen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 6 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 7 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Disease",
"enm:Talking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gnaw",
"3": "knaw"
},
"expansion": "English: gnaw, knaw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: gnaw, knaw"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gnaw",
"3": "knaw"
},
"expansion": "Scots: gnaw, knaw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: gnaw, knaw"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "gnafeen",
"qq": "ppl."
},
"expansion": "Yola: gnafeen (ppl.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<gnaȝen"
},
"expansion": "(<gnaȝen)",
"name": "gl"
}
],
"text": "Yola: gnafeen (ppl.) (<gnaȝen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gnagan"
},
"expansion": "Old English gnagan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gnagan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gnagan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gnaganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gnaganą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English gnagan, from Proto-West Germanic *gnagan, Proto-Germanic *gnaganą.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gnaweth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowen",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6/7",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnow",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnogh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnow",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnogh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnaweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnow",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnogh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnaweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygnawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "gnawen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gnaweth",
"2": "gnawynge",
"3": "gnew",
"4": "gnowen"
},
"expansion": "gnawen (third-person singular simple present gnaweth, present participle gnawynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative gnew, past participle gnowen)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gnaw",
"2": "gnow",
"2a": "gnogh",
"2a2": "gnew",
"3a": "gnew",
"c": "6",
"c2": "7",
"y": "p2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "gnawynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To gnaw; to persistently bite or chew."
],
"links": [
[
"gnaw",
"gnaw"
],
[
"persistently",
"persistently"
],
[
"bite",
"bite"
],
[
"chew",
"chew"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To eat or eliminate through gnawing."
],
"links": [
[
"eat",
"eat"
],
[
"eliminate",
"eliminate"
],
[
"gnaw",
"gnaw"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To impale or wound; to pierce the skin."
],
"links": [
[
"impale",
"impale"
],
[
"pierce",
"pierce"
],
[
"skin",
"skin"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To wear; to cause corrosion or wastage."
],
"links": [
[
"wear",
"wear"
],
[
"corrosion",
"corrosion"
],
[
"wastage",
"wastage"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To anguish or worry; to cause concern."
],
"links": [
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"worry",
"worry"
],
[
"concern",
"concern"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To anguish or worry; to cause concern."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To mock, insult or slight; to speak negatively of."
],
"links": [
[
"mock",
"mock"
],
[
"insult",
"insult"
],
[
"slight",
"slight"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To mock, insult or slight; to speak negatively of."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To feel anguish, worry, or concern."
],
"links": [
[
"feel",
"feel"
],
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"worry",
"worry"
],
[
"concern",
"concern"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To feel anguish, worry, or concern."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To ruin or ravage."
],
"links": [
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"ravage",
"ravage"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To ruin or ravage."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡnau̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈknau̯ən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gnaȝen"
},
{
"word": "gnauen"
},
{
"word": "gnauyn"
},
{
"word": "gnawe"
},
{
"word": "gnawyn"
},
{
"word": "knauyn"
},
{
"word": "knawen"
},
{
"word": "knawyn"
}
],
"word": "gnawen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gnawen meaning in Middle English (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.