See crowen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crowe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crowynge"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crow"
},
"expansion": "English: crow",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: crow"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "craw"
},
"expansion": "Scots: craw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: craw"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crāwan"
},
"expansion": "Old English crāwan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krāan",
"t": "to crow, shout"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krāan (“to crow, shout”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English crāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *krāan (“to crow, shout”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "7",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crowest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "croweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "crew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "crewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crewen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "croweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crowynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycrowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "crowen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crow",
"2": "crew",
"c": "7",
"y": "p2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "\"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows.\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:",
"text": "Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To crow (make the noise of a rooster)"
],
"id": "en-crowen-enm-verb-pV80g47F",
"links": [
[
"crow",
"crow"
],
[
"noise",
"noise#English"
],
[
"rooster",
"rooster#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 17 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 11 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 10 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 8 79",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Animal sounds",
"orig": "enm:Animal sounds",
"parents": [
"Sounds",
"Vocalizations",
"Sound",
"Communication",
"Energy",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make other noises typical of birds; to produce birdsong."
],
"id": "en-crowen-enm-verb-qadR6B8G",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"other",
"other"
],
[
"noise",
"noise"
],
[
"typical",
"typical"
],
[
"bird",
"bird"
],
[
"birdsong",
"birdsong"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɑu̯ən/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɔu̯ən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crawe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crawen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crowe"
}
],
"word": "crowen"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crāwan"
},
"expansion": "Old English crāwan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "crowe",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "crowe + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English crāwan, plural of crāwe; equivalent to crowe + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "crowen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "64 16 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "crowe"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of crowe"
],
"id": "en-crowen-enm-noun-gfGX~QoD",
"links": [
[
"crowe",
"crowe#Middle_English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) plural of crowe"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "crowen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 7 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gerh₂-",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Animal sounds"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "crowe"
},
{
"word": "crowynge"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crow"
},
"expansion": "English: crow",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: crow"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "craw"
},
"expansion": "Scots: craw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: craw"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crāwan"
},
"expansion": "Old English crāwan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krāan",
"t": "to crow, shout"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krāan (“to crow, shout”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English crāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *krāan (“to crow, shout”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "7",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crowest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "croweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "crew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "crewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crewen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "croweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crowynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "crowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycrowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "crowen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crow",
"2": "crew",
"c": "7",
"y": "p2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "\"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows.\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:",
"text": "Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To crow (make the noise of a rooster)"
],
"links": [
[
"crow",
"crow"
],
[
"noise",
"noise#English"
],
[
"rooster",
"rooster#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To make other noises typical of birds; to produce birdsong."
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"other",
"other"
],
[
"noise",
"noise"
],
[
"typical",
"typical"
],
[
"bird",
"bird"
],
[
"birdsong",
"birdsong"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɑu̯ən/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɔu̯ən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "crawe"
},
{
"word": "crawen"
},
{
"word": "crowe"
}
],
"word": "crowen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 7 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Animal sounds"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crāwan"
},
"expansion": "Old English crāwan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "crowe",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "crowe + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English crāwan, plural of crāwe; equivalent to crowe + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "crowen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "crowe"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of crowe"
],
"links": [
[
"crowe",
"crowe#Middle_English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) plural of crowe"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "crowen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for crowen meaning in Middle English (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.