See -er in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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{
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"1": "en",
"2": "-er",
"id": "agentive",
"qq": "conflated with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"enm\">-ere</i>"
},
"expansion": "English: -er (conflated with -ere)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -er (conflated with -ere)"
},
{
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"args": {
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"2": "-er",
"3": "-ar"
},
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"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: -er, -ar"
},
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},
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"name": "bor+"
},
{
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"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
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},
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],
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{
"form": "-eer",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ere",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ir",
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"pos": "suffix",
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{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 18 18 16 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns."
],
"id": "en--er-enm-suffix-3He0Q081",
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly no longer productive) Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈeːr/"
},
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"ipa": "/-ər/"
}
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"alternative form of -ere (agentive suffix)"
],
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"-ere",
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"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
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{
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{
"extra": "comparative suffix",
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}
],
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"alternative form of -ere (comparative suffix)"
],
"id": "en--er-enm-suffix-E8vuysHF",
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[
"-ere",
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{
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}
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"alternative form of -re (plural suffix)"
],
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[
"-re",
"-re#Middle_English:_plural"
]
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"lang_code": "enm",
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"alternative form of -eren"
],
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"-eren",
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]
],
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],
"word": "-er"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
"Middle English suffixes",
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"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
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"descendants": [
{
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"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -er (conflated with -ere)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "-er",
"3": "-ar"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: -er, -ar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: -er, -ar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-er",
"qq": "conflated with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"enm\">-ere</i>"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -er (conflated with -ere)",
"name": "desc"
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],
"text": "Scots: -er (conflated with -ere)"
}
],
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"3": "-ier"
},
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"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ārius"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ārius",
"name": "der"
}
],
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"forms": [
{
"form": "-eer",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ere",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ir",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yr",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
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"Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly no longer productive) Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈeːr/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ər/"
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
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"lang_code": "enm",
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}
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"alternative form of -ere (agentive suffix)"
],
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[
"-ere",
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]
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"word": "-er"
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"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
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{
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],
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"alternative form of -ere (comparative suffix)"
],
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"-ere",
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]
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"lang_code": "enm",
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{
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}
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"alternative form of -re (plural suffix)"
],
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"-re",
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]
],
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],
"word": "-er"
}
{
"categories": [
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"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-eren"
}
],
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"alternative form of -eren"
],
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"-eren",
"-eren#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
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]
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -er meaning in Middle English (4.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (7cef23e and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.