"bruken" meaning in Middle Dutch

See bruken in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Etymology: From Old Dutch *brūkan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan. Etymology templates: {{dercat|dum|gem-pro|inh=1}}, {{inh|dum|odt|*brūkan}} Old Dutch *brūkan, {{inh|dum|gmw-pro|*brūkan}} Proto-West Germanic *brūkan Head templates: {{head|dum|verb|head=|head2=}} bruken, {{dum-verb}} bruken Inflection templates: {{dum-conj-wk|bruk}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], bruken [error-unrecognized-form, infinitive], brukens [genitive, infinitive], brukene [dative, infinitive], bruke [first-person, indicative, present, singular], - [first-person, indicative, past, singular], bruke [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], - [first-person, past, singular, subjunctive], bruucs [indicative, present, second-person, singular], brukes [indicative, present, second-person, singular], - [indicative, past, second-person, singular], bruucs [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], brukes [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], - [past, second-person, singular, subjunctive], bruuct [indicative, present, singular, third-person], bruket [indicative, present, singular, third-person], - [indicative, past, singular, third-person], bruke [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], - [past, singular, subjunctive, third-person], bruken [first-person, indicative, plural, present], - [first-person, indicative, past, plural], bruken [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], - [first-person, past, plural, subjunctive], bruuct [indicative, plural, present, second-person], bruket [indicative, plural, present, second-person], - [indicative, past, plural, second-person], bruuct [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], bruket [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], - [past, plural, second-person, subjunctive], bruken [indicative, plural, present, third-person], - [indicative, past, plural, third-person], bruken [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], - [past, plural, subjunctive, third-person], bruuc [imperative, indicative, present, singular], bruke [imperative, indicative, present, singular], bruuct [imperative, indicative, plural, present], bruket [imperative, indicative, plural, present], brukende [imperative, participle, present], - [imperative, participle, past]
  1. to use
    Sense id: en-bruken-dum-verb-1sSLc2ib
  2. to enjoy (the use/benefit of)
    Sense id: en-bruken-dum-verb-iUpWnz6E
  3. to lease (of land)
    Sense id: en-bruken-dum-verb-GPzbUxcf Categories (other): Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header: 14 17 46 22
  4. to sell (of small things)
    Sense id: en-bruken-dum-verb-DmPVeQbO
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: gebruken, misbruken, ontbruken 
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "gebruken"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "misbruken"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ontbruken"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "bruiken"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: bruiken",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "archaic"
          },
          "expansion": "(archaic)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: bruiken (archaic)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "li",
            "2": "broeke"
          },
          "expansion": "Limburgish: broeke",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Limburgish: broeke"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "inh": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "*brūkan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch *brūkan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brūkan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brūkan",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *brūkan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dum-conj-wk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukens",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukende",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": "",
        "head2": ""
      },
      "expansion": "bruken",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "bruken",
      "name": "dum-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bruk"
      },
      "name": "dum-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Dutch",
  "lang_code": "dum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to use"
      ],
      "id": "en-bruken-dum-verb-1sSLc2ib",
      "links": [
        [
          "use",
          "use"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to enjoy (the use/benefit of)"
      ],
      "id": "en-bruken-dum-verb-iUpWnz6E",
      "links": [
        [
          "enjoy",
          "enjoy"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "14 17 46 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to lease (of land)"
      ],
      "id": "en-bruken-dum-verb-GPzbUxcf",
      "links": [
        [
          "lease",
          "lease"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to sell (of small things)"
      ],
      "id": "en-bruken-dum-verb-DmPVeQbO",
      "links": [
        [
          "sell",
          "sell"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "bruken"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle Dutch lemmas",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch verbs",
    "Middle Dutch weak verbs",
    "Pages with 6 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "gebruken"
    },
    {
      "word": "misbruken"
    },
    {
      "word": "ontbruken"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "bruiken"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: bruiken",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "archaic"
          },
          "expansion": "(archaic)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: bruiken (archaic)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "li",
            "2": "broeke"
          },
          "expansion": "Limburgish: broeke",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Limburgish: broeke"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "inh": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "*brūkan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch *brūkan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brūkan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brūkan",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *brūkan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dum-conj-wk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukens",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brukende",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": "",
        "head2": ""
      },
      "expansion": "bruken",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "bruken",
      "name": "dum-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bruk"
      },
      "name": "dum-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Dutch",
  "lang_code": "dum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to use"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "use",
          "use"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to enjoy (the use/benefit of)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "enjoy",
          "enjoy"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to lease (of land)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "lease",
          "lease"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to sell (of small things)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sell",
          "sell"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "bruken"
}

Download raw JSONL data for bruken meaning in Middle Dutch (5.9kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: bruken/Middle Dutch 'base form' base_tags={'infinitive'}",
  "path": [
    "bruken"
  ],
  "section": "Middle Dutch",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "bruken",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (813e02a and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.