"upe" meaning in Latvian

See upe in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Etymology: In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upìs, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology. Etymology templates: {{cog|ine-bsl-pro|*apē-}} Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, {{der|lv|ine-pro|*h₂ep-}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, {{cog|lt|ùpė}} Lithuanian ùpė, {{cog|prg|ape||river}} Old Prussian ape (“river”), {{cog|xsv|upa||river}} Sudovian upa (“river”), {{cog|hit|-}} Hittite, {{cog|sa|अप्|आपः|water (plural)}} Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), {{cog|xto|-}} Tocharian A, {{cog|txb|-}} Tocharian B, {{cog|prg|-}} Old Prussian, {{cog|prg|wupyan||cloud}} Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”), {{cog|prg|-}} Old Prussian Head templates: {{head|lv|noun|g=f|g2=|head=|sort=}} upe f, {{lv-noun|f|5th}} upe f (5th declension) Inflection templates: {{lv-decl-noun|u|e|5th||p|pj|extrawidth=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-5|u|e|4=|5=p|6=pj|7=|8=|drop-v=|keep-s=|x=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-table|upe|upes|upi|upes|upes|upju|upei|upēm|upi|upēm|upē|upēs|upe|upes|type=5th declension|x=-60}} Forms: declension-5 [table-tags], upe [nominative, singular], upes [nominative, plural], upi [accusative, singular], upes [accusative, plural], upes [genitive, singular], upju [genitive, plural], upei [dative, singular], upēm [dative, plural], upi [instrumental, singular], upēm [instrumental, plural], upē [locative, singular], upēs [locative, plural], upe [singular, vocative], upes [plural, vocative]
  1. (geography) river (permanent watercourse) Wikipedia link: lv:upe Tags: declension-5, feminine Categories (topical): Geography Categories (place): Bodies of water, Landforms, Rivers
    Sense id: en-upe-lv-noun-VeKHasmz Categories (other): Latvian entries with incorrect language header, Latvian etymologies from LEV, Lithuanian links with redundant target parameters, Pages with 7 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with 7 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Pages with 7 entries: 16 24 20 1 1 15 2 15 2 2 1 0 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 14 22 17 1 1 20 2 20 2 1 1 0 Topics: geography, natural-sciences

Inflected forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "2": "*apē-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂ep-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "ùpė"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian ùpė",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "ape",
        "3": "",
        "4": "river"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian ape (“river”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xsv",
        "2": "upa",
        "3": "",
        "4": "river"
      },
      "expansion": "Sudovian upa (“river”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hit",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Hittite",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "अप्",
        "3": "आपः",
        "4": "water (plural)"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian B",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "wupyan",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cloud"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upìs, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-5",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "5th declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upe",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upju",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upei",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upēm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upēm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upē",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upe",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "upe f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "5th"
      },
      "expansion": "upe f (5th declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "u",
        "2": "e",
        "3": "5th",
        "4": "",
        "5": "p",
        "6": "pj",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "u",
        "2": "e",
        "4": "",
        "5": "p",
        "6": "pj",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-5"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "upe",
        "10": "upēm",
        "11": "upē",
        "12": "upēs",
        "13": "upe",
        "14": "upes",
        "2": "upes",
        "3": "upi",
        "4": "upes",
        "5": "upes",
        "6": "upju",
        "7": "upei",
        "8": "upēm",
        "9": "upi",
        "type": "5th declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Lithuanian links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 7 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Bodies of water",
          "orig": "lv:Bodies of water",
          "parents": [
            "Landforms",
            "Water",
            "Earth",
            "Places",
            "Liquids",
            "Nature",
            "Names",
            "Matter",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Chemistry",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Sciences",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Geography",
          "orig": "lv:Geography",
          "parents": [
            "Earth sciences",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Landforms",
          "orig": "lv:Landforms",
          "parents": [
            "Earth",
            "Places",
            "Nature",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Rivers",
          "orig": "lv:Rivers",
          "parents": [
            "Bodies of water",
            "Places",
            "Landforms",
            "Water",
            "Names",
            "Earth",
            "Liquids",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Nature",
            "Matter",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Chemistry",
            "Lemmas",
            "Sciences"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 24 20 1 1 15 2 15 2 2 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 7 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 22 17 1 1 20 2 20 2 1 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "fast, slow river",
          "text": "strauja, lēna upe",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "mountain, lowland river",
          "text": "kalnu, līdzenumu upe",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "riverbed",
          "text": "upes gultne",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river valley",
          "text": "upes ieleja",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river basin",
          "text": "upes baseins",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river system",
          "text": "upju sistēma",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river tributaries",
          "text": "upes pietekas",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river estuary, mouth",
          "text": "upes ieteka, grīva",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river source, headwaters",
          "text": "upes izteka",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "upriver, downriver",
          "text": "upes augštece, lejtece",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "fluvial transportation",
          "text": "upju transports",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river lines",
          "text": "upju kuģniecība",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "river (permanent watercourse)"
      ],
      "id": "en-upe-lv-noun-VeKHasmz",
      "links": [
        [
          "geography",
          "geography"
        ],
        [
          "river",
          "river"
        ],
        [
          "permanent",
          "permanent#English"
        ],
        [
          "watercourse",
          "watercourse#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(geography) river (permanent watercourse)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-5",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "geography",
        "natural-sciences"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "lv:upe"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "upe"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Ekiti Yoruba",
    "Ondo Yoruba",
    "Pages with 7 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "yo:Musical instruments"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "2": "*apē-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂ep-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "ùpė"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian ùpė",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "ape",
        "3": "",
        "4": "river"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian ape (“river”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xsv",
        "2": "upa",
        "3": "",
        "4": "river"
      },
      "expansion": "Sudovian upa (“river”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hit",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Hittite",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "अप्",
        "3": "आपः",
        "4": "water (plural)"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian B",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "wupyan",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cloud"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upìs, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-5",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "5th declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upe",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upju",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upei",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upēm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upēm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upē",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upe",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "upes",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "upe f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "5th"
      },
      "expansion": "upe f (5th declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "u",
        "2": "e",
        "3": "5th",
        "4": "",
        "5": "p",
        "6": "pj",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "u",
        "2": "e",
        "4": "",
        "5": "p",
        "6": "pj",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-5"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "upe",
        "10": "upēm",
        "11": "upē",
        "12": "upēs",
        "13": "upe",
        "14": "upes",
        "2": "upes",
        "3": "upi",
        "4": "upes",
        "5": "upes",
        "6": "upju",
        "7": "upei",
        "8": "upēm",
        "9": "upi",
        "type": "5th declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
        "Latvian feminine nouns",
        "Latvian fifth declension nouns",
        "Latvian lemmas",
        "Latvian noun forms",
        "Latvian nouns",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latvian terms with usage examples",
        "Lithuanian links with redundant target parameters",
        "Pages with 7 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "lv:Bodies of water",
        "lv:Geography",
        "lv:Landforms",
        "lv:Rivers"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "fast, slow river",
          "text": "strauja, lēna upe",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "mountain, lowland river",
          "text": "kalnu, līdzenumu upe",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "riverbed",
          "text": "upes gultne",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river valley",
          "text": "upes ieleja",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river basin",
          "text": "upes baseins",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river system",
          "text": "upju sistēma",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river tributaries",
          "text": "upes pietekas",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river estuary, mouth",
          "text": "upes ieteka, grīva",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river source, headwaters",
          "text": "upes izteka",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "upriver, downriver",
          "text": "upes augštece, lejtece",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "fluvial transportation",
          "text": "upju transports",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "river lines",
          "text": "upju kuģniecība",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "river (permanent watercourse)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "geography",
          "geography"
        ],
        [
          "river",
          "river"
        ],
        [
          "permanent",
          "permanent#English"
        ],
        [
          "watercourse",
          "watercourse#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(geography) river (permanent watercourse)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-5",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "geography",
        "natural-sciences"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "lv:upe"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "upe"
}

Download raw JSONL data for upe meaning in Latvian (6.0kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.