See pulkstenis in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "modinātājpulkstenis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "modinātāja pulkstenis"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gml",
"3": "puls",
"4": "",
"5": "hit, blow, touch"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German puls (“hit, blow, touch”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "There are various theories about the origin of this word, originally meaning “church bell.” The most likely to be true derives it from an unattested verb *pulsēt (“to produce sound”) (compare archaic pulstens, dialectal pulstenis (“bell”), pulkstiens (“bell sound, toll”)) > *pulksēt with an epenthetic k and the nominalizing suffix -enis. Other suggestions include deriving pulkstenis from pulks (“regiment, military unit”) and stenēt (“to groan, to make noise”) (i.e., the regiment's noisy one); from borrowed terms, Middle Low German puls (“hit, blow, touch”) and stēn (“stone”); from an old verb pult meaning “to fall” (since that which strikes a bell “falls” on it); from a compound of puls- and sitiens, sitenis “blow”, with an intrusive k. The word was already mentioned in a 1585 catechism (as stundu pulksten(is), “hour bell,” i.e., “clock”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstenis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstenim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstenī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstens",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pulkstenis m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "2nd"
},
"expansion": "pulkstenis m (2nd declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pulkste",
"2": "is",
"3": "2nd",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pulkste",
"2": "is",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pulkstenis",
"10": "pulksteņiem",
"11": "pulkstenī",
"12": "pulksteņos",
"13": "pulksteni",
"14": "pulksteņi",
"2": "pulksteņi",
"3": "pulksteni",
"4": "pulksteņus",
"5": "pulksteņa",
"6": "pulksteņu",
"7": "pulkstenim",
"8": "pulksteņiem",
"9": "pulksteni",
"type": "2nd declension",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pulksten"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms suffixed with -enis",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian words with falling intonation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
38
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
23,
28
]
],
"english": "mechanical, electronic clock",
"text": "mehāniskais, elektroniskais pulkstenis",
"translation": "mechanical, electronic clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
25
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"english": "silver, golden watch",
"text": "sudraba, zelta pulkstenis",
"translation": "silver, golden watch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is ticking",
"text": "pulkstenis tikšķ",
"translation": "the clock is ticking",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"english": "the hands of a clock",
"text": "pulksteņa rādītāji",
"translation": "the hands of a clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "clock pendulum",
"text": "pulksteņa svārsts",
"translation": "clock pendulum",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
16
]
],
"english": "to fix the clock",
"text": "labot pulksteni",
"translation": "to fix the clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
17,
22
]
],
"english": "wrist (lit. arm) watch",
"text": "rokas pulkstenis",
"translation": "wrist (lit. arm) watch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
18
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
7,
12
]
],
"english": "pocket watch",
"text": "kabatas pulkstenis",
"translation": "pocket watch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
21,
31
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
24
]
],
"english": "table, wall, tower clock",
"text": "galda, sienas, torņa pulkstenis",
"translation": "table, wall, tower clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
21
],
[
32,
42
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
11
]
],
"english": "alarm clock",
"text": "modinātāja pulkstenis, modinātājpulkstenis",
"translation": "alarm clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "sun clock",
"text": "saules pulkstenis",
"translation": "sun clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
21,
26
]
],
"english": "hourglass (lit. sand clock)",
"text": "smilšu pulkstenis",
"translation": "hourglass (lit. sand clock)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
16
]
],
"english": "biological clock",
"text": "biloģiskais pulkstenis",
"translation": "biological clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is fast",
"text": "pulkstenis ir ātrs, iet par ātru",
"translation": "the clock is fast",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is fast",
"text": "pulkstenis iet priekšā, ir priekšā",
"translation": "the clock is fast",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is late",
"text": "pulkstenis ir vēls, iet par lēnu",
"translation": "the clock is late",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"clock, watch (instrument to measure time)"
],
"id": "en-pulkstenis-lv-noun-mVSBRKhK",
"links": [
[
"clock",
"clock"
],
[
"watch",
"watch"
],
[
"instrument",
"instrument#English"
],
[
"measure",
"measure#English"
],
[
"time",
"time#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms suffixed with -enis",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian words with falling intonation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Clocks",
"orig": "lv:Clocks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
18
]
],
"english": "it is four o'clock",
"text": "pulkstenis ir četri",
"translation": "it is four o'clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"english": "it wasn't half past six yet",
"text": "pulkstenis vēl nebija pusseptiņi",
"translation": "it wasn't half past six yet",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
5,
9
]
],
"english": "what time is it?",
"text": "cik ir pulkstenis?",
"translation": "what time is it?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the time"
],
"id": "en-pulkstenis-lv-noun-7kM38R~c",
"links": [
[
"time",
"time"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pùlkstɛnis]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"sense": "obsolete terms",
"word": "stundenis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stundenieks"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"lv:pulkstenis"
],
"word": "pulkstenis"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian masculine nouns",
"Latvian nouns",
"Latvian second declension nouns",
"Latvian terms derived from Middle Low German",
"Latvian terms suffixed with -enis",
"Latvian undefined derivations",
"Latvian words with falling intonation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"lv:Clocks"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "modinātājpulkstenis"
},
{
"word": "modinātāja pulkstenis"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gml",
"3": "puls",
"4": "",
"5": "hit, blow, touch"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German puls (“hit, blow, touch”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "There are various theories about the origin of this word, originally meaning “church bell.” The most likely to be true derives it from an unattested verb *pulsēt (“to produce sound”) (compare archaic pulstens, dialectal pulstenis (“bell”), pulkstiens (“bell sound, toll”)) > *pulksēt with an epenthetic k and the nominalizing suffix -enis. Other suggestions include deriving pulkstenis from pulks (“regiment, military unit”) and stenēt (“to groan, to make noise”) (i.e., the regiment's noisy one); from borrowed terms, Middle Low German puls (“hit, blow, touch”) and stēn (“stone”); from an old verb pult meaning “to fall” (since that which strikes a bell “falls” on it); from a compound of puls- and sitiens, sitenis “blow”, with an intrusive k. The word was already mentioned in a 1585 catechism (as stundu pulksten(is), “hour bell,” i.e., “clock”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstenis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstenim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstenī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pulksteņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkstens",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pulkstenis m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "2nd"
},
"expansion": "pulkstenis m (2nd declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pulkste",
"2": "is",
"3": "2nd",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pulkste",
"2": "is",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pulkstenis",
"10": "pulksteņiem",
"11": "pulkstenī",
"12": "pulksteņos",
"13": "pulksteni",
"14": "pulksteņi",
"2": "pulksteņi",
"3": "pulksteni",
"4": "pulksteņus",
"5": "pulksteņa",
"6": "pulksteņu",
"7": "pulkstenim",
"8": "pulksteņiem",
"9": "pulksteni",
"type": "2nd declension",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "pulksten"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
38
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
23,
28
]
],
"english": "mechanical, electronic clock",
"text": "mehāniskais, elektroniskais pulkstenis",
"translation": "mechanical, electronic clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
25
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"english": "silver, golden watch",
"text": "sudraba, zelta pulkstenis",
"translation": "silver, golden watch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is ticking",
"text": "pulkstenis tikšķ",
"translation": "the clock is ticking",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"english": "the hands of a clock",
"text": "pulksteņa rādītāji",
"translation": "the hands of a clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "clock pendulum",
"text": "pulksteņa svārsts",
"translation": "clock pendulum",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
16
]
],
"english": "to fix the clock",
"text": "labot pulksteni",
"translation": "to fix the clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
17,
22
]
],
"english": "wrist (lit. arm) watch",
"text": "rokas pulkstenis",
"translation": "wrist (lit. arm) watch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
18
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
7,
12
]
],
"english": "pocket watch",
"text": "kabatas pulkstenis",
"translation": "pocket watch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
21,
31
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
24
]
],
"english": "table, wall, tower clock",
"text": "galda, sienas, torņa pulkstenis",
"translation": "table, wall, tower clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
21
],
[
32,
42
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
11
]
],
"english": "alarm clock",
"text": "modinātāja pulkstenis, modinātājpulkstenis",
"translation": "alarm clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "sun clock",
"text": "saules pulkstenis",
"translation": "sun clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
21,
26
]
],
"english": "hourglass (lit. sand clock)",
"text": "smilšu pulkstenis",
"translation": "hourglass (lit. sand clock)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
16
]
],
"english": "biological clock",
"text": "biloģiskais pulkstenis",
"translation": "biological clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is fast",
"text": "pulkstenis ir ātrs, iet par ātru",
"translation": "the clock is fast",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is fast",
"text": "pulkstenis iet priekšā, ir priekšā",
"translation": "the clock is fast",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "the clock is late",
"text": "pulkstenis ir vēls, iet par lēnu",
"translation": "the clock is late",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"clock, watch (instrument to measure time)"
],
"links": [
[
"clock",
"clock"
],
[
"watch",
"watch"
],
[
"instrument",
"instrument#English"
],
[
"measure",
"measure#English"
],
[
"time",
"time#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
18
]
],
"english": "it is four o'clock",
"text": "pulkstenis ir četri",
"translation": "it is four o'clock",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
10
]
],
"english": "it wasn't half past six yet",
"text": "pulkstenis vēl nebija pusseptiņi",
"translation": "it wasn't half past six yet",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
5,
9
]
],
"english": "what time is it?",
"text": "cik ir pulkstenis?",
"translation": "what time is it?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the time"
],
"links": [
[
"time",
"time"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pùlkstɛnis]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "obsolete terms",
"word": "stundenis"
},
{
"word": "stundenieks"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"lv:pulkstenis"
],
"word": "pulkstenis"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pulkstenis meaning in Latvian (8.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.