See kukainis in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for kukainis meaning in Latvian (9.3kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "",
"3": "ains"
},
"expansion": "+ -ains",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "*kukt",
"3": "",
"4": "to bend, to be/become bent, twisted"
},
"expansion": "*kukt (“to bend, to be/become bent, twisted”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bat-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*kuk-"
},
"expansion": "*kuk-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kew-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kew-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*kū-"
},
"expansion": "*kū-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ku-",
"3": "",
"4": "to bend, to flex"
},
"expansion": "*ku- (“to bend, to flex”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukt"
},
"expansion": "kukt",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukņāties"
},
"expansion": "kukņāties",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kuknīties"
},
"expansion": "kuknīties",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kūkurot"
},
"expansion": "kūkurot",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukainis"
},
"expansion": "kukainis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kukainis",
"3": "",
"4": "toad"
},
"expansion": "kukainis (“toad”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kukainiai",
"3": "",
"4": "amphibians"
},
"expansion": "kukainiai (“amphibians”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latvian",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived with the suffix + -ains (and made into a masculine 2nd-declension noun in -is) from an old verb *kukt (“to bend, to be/become bent, twisted”), from Proto-Baltic *kuk-, from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *kū-, *ku- (“to bend, to flex”). Alongside kukt, there are other verbs derived from the same stem that refer to ways of moving around: kukņāties (dialectal) “to huddle up, to roll up, to become entangled, to try to stand up,” kuknīties “to do something clumsily, to go with effort, to jostle, to hustle,” kūkurot “to drag oneself along, to trudge.” If these terms are semantically related to kukainis, then its original meaning was something like “(little) animal that creeps, trudges along, rolls up into a ball (e.g., when touched).” The word originally applied only to certain species of (usually harmful) insects; its meaning began expanding in the 18th century, but in the late 19th century it was still mostly applied only to winged insects. The extension to all insects was suggested by H. Kavals in the 1860s, and adopted by K. Valdemārs in his dictionary. Cognates include Lithuanian dialectal kukainis (“toad”), kukainiai (“amphibians”) (probably borrowings from Latvian).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2nd declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kukainis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukainim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukainī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kukainis m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "2nd"
},
"expansion": "kukainis m (2nd declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kukai",
"2": "is",
"3": "2nd",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kukai",
"2": "is",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kukainis",
"10": "kukaiņiem",
"11": "kukainī",
"12": "kukaiņos",
"13": "kukaini",
"14": "kukaiņi",
"2": "kukaiņi",
"3": "kukaini",
"4": "kukaiņus",
"5": "kukaiņa",
"6": "kukaiņu",
"7": "kukainim",
"8": "kukaiņiem",
"9": "kukaini",
"type": "2nd declension",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "90 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms suffixed with -ains",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian words with broken intonation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Insects",
"orig": "lv:Insects",
"parents": [
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "blood-sucking insects",
"text": "asinssūcēji kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "poisonous insects",
"text": "indīgie kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "aquatic (lit. water) insects",
"text": "ūdens kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "flying insects",
"text": "lidojošie kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "bezspārnu kukaiņi ― apterous (= wingless) insects",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "nocturnal insects",
"text": "nakts kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harmful insects",
"text": "kaitīgie kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insect larvae",
"text": "kukaiņu kāpuri",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insect stings",
"text": "kukaiņu dzēlumi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insect poison",
"text": "kukaiņa inde",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the (taxonomic) class Insecta",
"text": "kukaiņu klase",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insects are the largest class of animals, in which almost three fourths of all known species are contained",
"text": "kukaiņi ir vislielākā dzīvnieku klase, tajā ietilpst gandrīz trīs ceturtdaļas vispār pazīstamo sugu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "in summer, in nature, we find various insects at every step: splendid butterflies flying from flower to flower, agile dragonflies, grasshoppers, various beetles and flies",
"text": "vasarā dabā mēs ik uz soļa sastopamies ar dažādiem kukaiņiem: gan krāšņie tauriņi, kas lido no zieda uz ziedu, gan veiklās spāres, gan sienāži, gan dažādas vaboles un mušas",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the child was dirty and full of insects (= parasites, lice)",
"text": "bērns bija netīrs un pilns kukaiņiem",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"insect, bug (arthropod with a three-part body, three pairs of legs, sometimes also wings (class: Insecta); less specifically, also other kinds of arthropods, such as spiders)"
],
"id": "en-kukainis-lv-noun-80S1eRdJ",
"links": [
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"bug",
"bug"
],
[
"arthropod",
"arthropod#English"
],
[
"three",
"three#English"
],
[
"part",
"part#English"
],
[
"body",
"body#English"
],
[
"pair",
"pair#English"
],
[
"leg",
"leg#English"
],
[
"wing",
"wing#English"
],
[
"class",
"class#English"
],
[
"Insecta",
"Insecta#Translingual"
],
[
"specifical",
"specifical#English"
],
[
"other",
"other#English"
],
[
"kind",
"kind#English"
],
[
"spider",
"spider#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "and you came to the terrible Arks to apologize (to him)? you know, you are indeed one funny creature (lit. insect, bug)",
"text": "un tu nāci pie briesmīgā Arka atvainoties? vai zini, tu gan esi viens jokains kukainis",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"being, creature"
],
"id": "en-kukainis-lv-noun-BirLBhxR",
"links": [
[
"usually",
"usually"
],
[
"people",
"people"
],
[
"being",
"being"
],
[
"creature",
"creature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, usually of people) being, creature"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[kukâjnis]"
},
{
"audio": "lv-riga-kukainis.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Lv-riga-kukainis.ogg/Lv-riga-kukainis.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Lv-riga-kukainis.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "insekts"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"lv:kukaiņi"
],
"word": "kukainis"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian masculine nouns",
"Latvian nouns",
"Latvian second declension nouns",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latvian terms suffixed with -ains",
"Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latvian terms with audio links",
"Latvian words with broken intonation",
"lv:Insects"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "",
"3": "ains"
},
"expansion": "+ -ains",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "*kukt",
"3": "",
"4": "to bend, to be/become bent, twisted"
},
"expansion": "*kukt (“to bend, to be/become bent, twisted”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bat-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*kuk-"
},
"expansion": "*kuk-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kew-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kew-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*kū-"
},
"expansion": "*kū-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ku-",
"3": "",
"4": "to bend, to flex"
},
"expansion": "*ku- (“to bend, to flex”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukt"
},
"expansion": "kukt",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukņāties"
},
"expansion": "kukņāties",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kuknīties"
},
"expansion": "kuknīties",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kūkurot"
},
"expansion": "kūkurot",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kukainis"
},
"expansion": "kukainis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kukainis",
"3": "",
"4": "toad"
},
"expansion": "kukainis (“toad”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kukainiai",
"3": "",
"4": "amphibians"
},
"expansion": "kukainiai (“amphibians”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latvian",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived with the suffix + -ains (and made into a masculine 2nd-declension noun in -is) from an old verb *kukt (“to bend, to be/become bent, twisted”), from Proto-Baltic *kuk-, from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *kū-, *ku- (“to bend, to flex”). Alongside kukt, there are other verbs derived from the same stem that refer to ways of moving around: kukņāties (dialectal) “to huddle up, to roll up, to become entangled, to try to stand up,” kuknīties “to do something clumsily, to go with effort, to jostle, to hustle,” kūkurot “to drag oneself along, to trudge.” If these terms are semantically related to kukainis, then its original meaning was something like “(little) animal that creeps, trudges along, rolls up into a ball (e.g., when touched).” The word originally applied only to certain species of (usually harmful) insects; its meaning began expanding in the 18th century, but in the late 19th century it was still mostly applied only to winged insects. The extension to all insects was suggested by H. Kavals in the 1860s, and adopted by K. Valdemārs in his dictionary. Cognates include Lithuanian dialectal kukainis (“toad”), kukainiai (“amphibians”) (probably borrowings from Latvian).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2nd declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kukainis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukainim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukainī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kukaiņi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kukainis m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "2nd"
},
"expansion": "kukainis m (2nd declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kukai",
"2": "is",
"3": "2nd",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kukai",
"2": "is",
"4": "",
"5": "n",
"6": "ņ",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kukainis",
"10": "kukaiņiem",
"11": "kukainī",
"12": "kukaiņos",
"13": "kukaini",
"14": "kukaiņi",
"2": "kukaiņi",
"3": "kukaini",
"4": "kukaiņus",
"5": "kukaiņa",
"6": "kukaiņu",
"7": "kukainim",
"8": "kukaiņiem",
"9": "kukaini",
"type": "2nd declension",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "blood-sucking insects",
"text": "asinssūcēji kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "poisonous insects",
"text": "indīgie kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "aquatic (lit. water) insects",
"text": "ūdens kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "flying insects",
"text": "lidojošie kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "bezspārnu kukaiņi ― apterous (= wingless) insects",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "nocturnal insects",
"text": "nakts kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harmful insects",
"text": "kaitīgie kukaiņi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insect larvae",
"text": "kukaiņu kāpuri",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insect stings",
"text": "kukaiņu dzēlumi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insect poison",
"text": "kukaiņa inde",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the (taxonomic) class Insecta",
"text": "kukaiņu klase",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insects are the largest class of animals, in which almost three fourths of all known species are contained",
"text": "kukaiņi ir vislielākā dzīvnieku klase, tajā ietilpst gandrīz trīs ceturtdaļas vispār pazīstamo sugu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "in summer, in nature, we find various insects at every step: splendid butterflies flying from flower to flower, agile dragonflies, grasshoppers, various beetles and flies",
"text": "vasarā dabā mēs ik uz soļa sastopamies ar dažādiem kukaiņiem: gan krāšņie tauriņi, kas lido no zieda uz ziedu, gan veiklās spāres, gan sienāži, gan dažādas vaboles un mušas",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the child was dirty and full of insects (= parasites, lice)",
"text": "bērns bija netīrs un pilns kukaiņiem",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"insect, bug (arthropod with a three-part body, three pairs of legs, sometimes also wings (class: Insecta); less specifically, also other kinds of arthropods, such as spiders)"
],
"links": [
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"bug",
"bug"
],
[
"arthropod",
"arthropod#English"
],
[
"three",
"three#English"
],
[
"part",
"part#English"
],
[
"body",
"body#English"
],
[
"pair",
"pair#English"
],
[
"leg",
"leg#English"
],
[
"wing",
"wing#English"
],
[
"class",
"class#English"
],
[
"Insecta",
"Insecta#Translingual"
],
[
"specifical",
"specifical#English"
],
[
"other",
"other#English"
],
[
"kind",
"kind#English"
],
[
"spider",
"spider#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian colloquialisms",
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "and you came to the terrible Arks to apologize (to him)? you know, you are indeed one funny creature (lit. insect, bug)",
"text": "un tu nāci pie briesmīgā Arka atvainoties? vai zini, tu gan esi viens jokains kukainis",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"being, creature"
],
"links": [
[
"usually",
"usually"
],
[
"people",
"people"
],
[
"being",
"being"
],
[
"creature",
"creature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, usually of people) being, creature"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[kukâjnis]"
},
{
"audio": "lv-riga-kukainis.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Lv-riga-kukainis.ogg/Lv-riga-kukainis.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Lv-riga-kukainis.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "insekts"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"lv:kukaiņi"
],
"word": "kukainis"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.