See caelum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caeles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelestīnus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelestis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelicola"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelicus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelifer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelifluus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caeligenus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caeliger"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caeliloquus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelipotēns"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelitēs"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caelitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caeruleus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "tser",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: tser, tseru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: tser, tseru"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruo",
"2": "țer"
},
"expansion": "Istro-Romanian: țer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istro-Romanian: țer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruq",
"2": "țer",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Megleno-Romanian: țer, tser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Megleno-Romanian: țer, tser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cer"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: cer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: cer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Dalmatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "cil",
"alts": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "cil, sil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "cil, sil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Istriot:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "sìil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "celu"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: celu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: celu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: cielo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: cielo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "ĉielo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: ĉielo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: ĉielo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "ciel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lombard: ciel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lombard: ciel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "cel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Piedmontese: cel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Piedmontese: cel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "cielo",
"3": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: cielo, cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: cielo, cielu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "celu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: celu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: celu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "cîl"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: cîl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: cîl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "ciël"
},
"expansion": "Ladin: ciël",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ladin: ciël"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "çê"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: çê",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: çê"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "tschiel",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: tschiel, tschêl (Puter, Vallader)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: tschiel, tschêl (Puter, Vallader)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "çiél",
"3": "siél",
"4": "zhiélo"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: çiél, siél, zhiélo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: çiél, siél, zhiélo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "cel"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: cel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: cel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "cièl",
"3": "ceu"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "ciel"
},
"expansion": "Old French: ciel, cel\nBourguignon: cier\nFrench: ciel\nHaitian Creole: syèl\nNorman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel\nWalloon: cir",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old French: ciel, cel\nBourguignon: cier\nFrench: ciel\nHaitian Creole: syèl\nNorman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel\nWalloon: cir"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "cel"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: cel\nOccitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: cel\nOccitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "chelu",
"3": "celu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: chelu, celu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: chelu, celu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oan",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Navarro-Aragonese: cielo\nAragonese: zielo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Navarro-Aragonese: cielo\nAragonese: zielo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ext",
"2": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Extremaduran: cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Extremaduran: cielu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Leonese:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: cielu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-leo",
"2": "ceu",
"3": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Leonese: ceu, cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Leonese: ceu, cielu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Mirandese: cielo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mirandese: cielo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "ceo"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ceo\nFala: ceu\nGalician: ceo\nPortuguese: céu (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ceo\nFala: ceu\nGalician: ceo\nPortuguese: céu (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: cielo, çielo\nLadino: sielo\nSpanish: cielo\n→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)\n→ Hiligaynon: sielo\n→ Papiamentu: shelu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: cielo, çielo\nLadino: sielo\nSpanish: cielo\n→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)\n→ Hiligaynon: sielo\n→ Papiamentu: shelu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "qiell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: qiell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: qiell"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "euq-pro",
"2": "*zelu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Basque: *zelu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Basque: *zelu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "zeru"
},
"expansion": "Basque: zeru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Basque: zeru"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*kailom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *kailom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kéh₂i-lom",
"5": "whole"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "caelebs"
},
"expansion": "Latin caelebs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "це́лый",
"3": "",
"4": "whole, intact"
},
"expansion": "Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "whole"
},
"expansion": "English whole",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀",
"3": "",
"4": "perh. a kind of building"
},
"expansion": "Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Italic *kailom (with a gender change to masculine), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”), from *keh₂i- or *kh₂éy-, originating in the augural sphere and indicating \"the whole\" as opposed to templum (“the part”) and cognate with Latin caelebs (and perhaps sincērus and caerimōnia), Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”), English whole, holy. May be cognate of Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”). The shift from neuter to masculine is irregular.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "caelī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "((caelum<2.sg>,caelī<2>))",
"footnote": "When the singular was masculine, it was caelus. The plural was rare and existed only in poetic use before the Christian era, but it is common in ecclesiastical Latin, and the plural has always been masculine.",
"g": "n",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "caelum n or m (genitive caelī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caelum<2>",
"acc_pl": "caelōs",
"footnote": "The singular is neuter, the plural masculine. In the singular, the masculine form caelus exists but is archaic. In the plural, a neuter form does not exist. The plural was classically rare and avoided, but is frequent in Christian usage, translating Hebrew <i class=\"Hebr mention\" lang=\"he\">שמים</i> and Greek <i class=\"Polyt mention\" lang=\"grc\">οὐρανοί</i> (ouranoí).",
"nom_pl": "caelī",
"voc_pl": "caelī"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I am the woman to whom you used to promise heaven. Alas, in place of heaven what kind of gifts do I get? (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.505–506",
"text": "illa ego sum, cui tū solitus prōmittere caelum. eī mihi, prō caelō quālia dōna ferō!"
},
{
"english": "And he saw in his dream a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven",
"ref": "Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:12:",
"text": "viditque in somnis scalam stantem super terram et cacumen illius tangens caelum",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heaven"
],
"id": "en-caelum-la-noun-gY7-RqbC",
"links": [
[
"vault",
"vault"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven"
]
],
"qualifier": "vault of",
"raw_glosses": [
"(vault of) heaven"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Those who cross the sea change the sky not their spirits.",
"roman": "Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.",
"text": "Horace, Epistles I.xi.27 http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/epist1.shtml (translation Eugene Ehrlich, Say It in Latin, →ISBN"
},
{
"english": "The directions which the sacred temples of the immortal gods ought to face should be so arranged that, if there is no reason to the contrary and the architect has full power, the temple and the image in the shrine should face to the west, in order that those who approach the altar to offer or to sacrifice may see to the east the image in the shrine, and that in making their vows they may behold the temple and the east[ern part of the sky], and that the images themselves may appear rising in the east to behold such as offer prayer and sacrifice.",
"ref": "c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 4.5.1",
"text": "Regiones autem, quas debent spectare aedes sacrae deorum inmortalium, sic erunt constituendae, uti, si nulla ratio inpedierit liberaque fuerit potestas, aedis signumque quod erit in cella conlocatum, spectet ad vespertinam caeli regionem, uti, qui adierint ad aram immolantes aut sacrificia facientes, spectent ad partem caeli orientis et simulacrum, quod erit in aede, et ita vota suscipientes contueantur aedem et orientem caeli ipsaque simulacra videantur exorientia contueri supplicantes et sacrificantes, quod aras omnes deorum necesse esse videatur ad orientem spectare."
}
],
"glosses": [
"sky"
],
"id": "en-caelum-la-noun-BfUU-ufK",
"links": [
[
"sky",
"sky"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 100 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Atmosphere",
"orig": "la:Atmosphere",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 100 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Weather",
"orig": "la:Weather",
"parents": [
"Atmosphere",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"atmosphere, climate, weather"
],
"id": "en-caelum-la-noun-PBTYMBeh",
"links": [
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
],
[
"climate",
"climate"
],
[
"weather",
"weather"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkae̯.lum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃe.lum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃɛːlum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "otherwise rare",
"tags": [
"pre-Classical"
],
"word": "caelus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "in a passage of Ennius’ Annales containing other truncated forms",
"tags": [
"pre-Classical"
],
"word": "cael"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "cælum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "very common",
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"New-Latin"
],
"word": "cœlum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin"
],
"word": "cēlum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "coelum"
}
],
"word": "caelum"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Caelum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Caelum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Caelum"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kh₂eyd-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*kaid(s)lom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kh₂eyd-",
"4": "",
"5": "cut, hew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”) (whence also caedō (“I cut”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "caelī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "caela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caelum<2>"
},
"expansion": "caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caelum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 16 16 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 6 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 4 87",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Tools",
"orig": "la:Tools",
"parents": [
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chisel"
],
"id": "en-caelum-la-noun-RDf48ORH",
"links": [
[
"chisel",
"chisel"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "caedēs"
},
{
"word": "caedō"
},
{
"word": "caeduus"
},
{
"word": "caelāmen"
},
{
"word": "caelātor"
},
{
"word": "caelātūra"
},
{
"word": "caelō"
},
{
"word": "caesa"
},
{
"word": "caesim"
},
{
"word": "caesiō"
},
{
"word": "caesor"
},
{
"word": "caespes"
},
{
"word": "caesum"
},
{
"word": "caesūra"
},
{
"word": "caesus"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "cēlum"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkae̯.lum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃe.lum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃɛːlum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "coelum"
}
],
"word": "caelum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin nouns with multiple genders",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kh₂eyd-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Atmosphere",
"la:Tools",
"la:Weather"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "caeles"
},
{
"word": "caelestīnus"
},
{
"word": "caelestis"
},
{
"word": "caelicola"
},
{
"word": "caelicus"
},
{
"word": "caelifer"
},
{
"word": "caelifluus"
},
{
"word": "caeligenus"
},
{
"word": "caeliger"
},
{
"word": "caeliloquus"
},
{
"word": "caelipotēns"
},
{
"word": "caelitēs"
},
{
"word": "caelitus"
},
{
"word": "caeruleus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "tser",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: tser, tseru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: tser, tseru"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruo",
"2": "țer"
},
"expansion": "Istro-Romanian: țer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istro-Romanian: țer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruq",
"2": "țer",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Megleno-Romanian: țer, tser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Megleno-Romanian: țer, tser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cer"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: cer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: cer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Dalmatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "cil",
"alts": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "cil, sil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "cil, sil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Istriot:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "sìil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "celu"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: celu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: celu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: cielo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: cielo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "ĉielo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: ĉielo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: ĉielo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "ciel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lombard: ciel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lombard: ciel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "cel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Piedmontese: cel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Piedmontese: cel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "cielo",
"3": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: cielo, cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: cielo, cielu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "celu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: celu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: celu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "cîl"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: cîl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: cîl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "ciël"
},
"expansion": "Ladin: ciël",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ladin: ciël"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "çê"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: çê",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: çê"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "tschiel",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: tschiel, tschêl (Puter, Vallader)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: tschiel, tschêl (Puter, Vallader)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "çiél",
"3": "siél",
"4": "zhiélo"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: çiél, siél, zhiélo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: çiél, siél, zhiélo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "cel"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: cel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: cel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "cièl",
"3": "ceu"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "ciel"
},
"expansion": "Old French: ciel, cel\nBourguignon: cier\nFrench: ciel\nHaitian Creole: syèl\nNorman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel\nWalloon: cir",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old French: ciel, cel\nBourguignon: cier\nFrench: ciel\nHaitian Creole: syèl\nNorman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel\nWalloon: cir"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "cel"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: cel\nOccitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: cel\nOccitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "chelu",
"3": "celu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: chelu, celu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: chelu, celu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oan",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Navarro-Aragonese: cielo\nAragonese: zielo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Navarro-Aragonese: cielo\nAragonese: zielo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ext",
"2": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Extremaduran: cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Extremaduran: cielu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Leonese:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: cielu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-leo",
"2": "ceu",
"3": "cielu"
},
"expansion": "Leonese: ceu, cielu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Leonese: ceu, cielu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Mirandese: cielo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mirandese: cielo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "ceo"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ceo\nFala: ceu\nGalician: ceo\nPortuguese: céu (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ceo\nFala: ceu\nGalician: ceo\nPortuguese: céu (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "cielo"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: cielo, çielo\nLadino: sielo\nSpanish: cielo\n→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)\n→ Hiligaynon: sielo\n→ Papiamentu: shelu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: cielo, çielo\nLadino: sielo\nSpanish: cielo\n→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)\n→ Hiligaynon: sielo\n→ Papiamentu: shelu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "qiell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: qiell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: qiell"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "euq-pro",
"2": "*zelu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Basque: *zelu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Basque: *zelu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "zeru"
},
"expansion": "Basque: zeru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Basque: zeru"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*kailom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *kailom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kéh₂i-lom",
"5": "whole"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "caelebs"
},
"expansion": "Latin caelebs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "це́лый",
"3": "",
"4": "whole, intact"
},
"expansion": "Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "whole"
},
"expansion": "English whole",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀",
"3": "",
"4": "perh. a kind of building"
},
"expansion": "Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Italic *kailom (with a gender change to masculine), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”), from *keh₂i- or *kh₂éy-, originating in the augural sphere and indicating \"the whole\" as opposed to templum (“the part”) and cognate with Latin caelebs (and perhaps sincērus and caerimōnia), Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”), English whole, holy. May be cognate of Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”). The shift from neuter to masculine is irregular.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "caelī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "((caelum<2.sg>,caelī<2>))",
"footnote": "When the singular was masculine, it was caelus. The plural was rare and existed only in poetic use before the Christian era, but it is common in ecclesiastical Latin, and the plural has always been masculine.",
"g": "n",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "caelum n or m (genitive caelī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caelum<2>",
"acc_pl": "caelōs",
"footnote": "The singular is neuter, the plural masculine. In the singular, the masculine form caelus exists but is archaic. In the plural, a neuter form does not exist. The plural was classically rare and avoided, but is frequent in Christian usage, translating Hebrew <i class=\"Hebr mention\" lang=\"he\">שמים</i> and Greek <i class=\"Polyt mention\" lang=\"grc\">οὐρανοί</i> (ouranoí).",
"nom_pl": "caelī",
"voc_pl": "caelī"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I am the woman to whom you used to promise heaven. Alas, in place of heaven what kind of gifts do I get? (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.505–506",
"text": "illa ego sum, cui tū solitus prōmittere caelum. eī mihi, prō caelō quālia dōna ferō!"
},
{
"english": "And he saw in his dream a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven",
"ref": "Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:12:",
"text": "viditque in somnis scalam stantem super terram et cacumen illius tangens caelum",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heaven"
],
"links": [
[
"vault",
"vault"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven"
]
],
"qualifier": "vault of",
"raw_glosses": [
"(vault of) heaven"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Those who cross the sea change the sky not their spirits.",
"roman": "Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.",
"text": "Horace, Epistles I.xi.27 http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/epist1.shtml (translation Eugene Ehrlich, Say It in Latin, →ISBN"
},
{
"english": "The directions which the sacred temples of the immortal gods ought to face should be so arranged that, if there is no reason to the contrary and the architect has full power, the temple and the image in the shrine should face to the west, in order that those who approach the altar to offer or to sacrifice may see to the east the image in the shrine, and that in making their vows they may behold the temple and the east[ern part of the sky], and that the images themselves may appear rising in the east to behold such as offer prayer and sacrifice.",
"ref": "c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 4.5.1",
"text": "Regiones autem, quas debent spectare aedes sacrae deorum inmortalium, sic erunt constituendae, uti, si nulla ratio inpedierit liberaque fuerit potestas, aedis signumque quod erit in cella conlocatum, spectet ad vespertinam caeli regionem, uti, qui adierint ad aram immolantes aut sacrificia facientes, spectent ad partem caeli orientis et simulacrum, quod erit in aede, et ita vota suscipientes contueantur aedem et orientem caeli ipsaque simulacra videantur exorientia contueri supplicantes et sacrificantes, quod aras omnes deorum necesse esse videatur ad orientem spectare."
}
],
"glosses": [
"sky"
],
"links": [
[
"sky",
"sky"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"atmosphere, climate, weather"
],
"links": [
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
],
[
"climate",
"climate"
],
[
"weather",
"weather"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkae̯.lum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃe.lum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃɛːlum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "otherwise rare",
"tags": [
"pre-Classical"
],
"word": "caelus"
},
{
"english": "in a passage of Ennius’ Annales containing other truncated forms",
"tags": [
"pre-Classical"
],
"word": "cael"
},
{
"word": "cælum"
},
{
"word": "coelum"
},
{
"english": "very common",
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"New-Latin"
],
"word": "cœlum"
},
{
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin"
],
"word": "cēlum"
}
],
"word": "caelum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kh₂eyd-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Atmosphere",
"la:Tools",
"la:Weather"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Caelum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Caelum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Caelum"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kh₂eyd-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*kaid(s)lom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kh₂eyd-",
"4": "",
"5": "cut, hew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”) (whence also caedō (“I cut”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "caelī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "caelīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "caelum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "caela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caelum<2>"
},
"expansion": "caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "caelum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "caedēs"
},
{
"word": "caedō"
},
{
"word": "caeduus"
},
{
"word": "caelāmen"
},
{
"word": "caelātor"
},
{
"word": "caelātūra"
},
{
"word": "caelō"
},
{
"word": "caesa"
},
{
"word": "caesim"
},
{
"word": "caesiō"
},
{
"word": "caesor"
},
{
"word": "caespes"
},
{
"word": "caesum"
},
{
"word": "caesūra"
},
{
"word": "caesus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"chisel"
],
"links": [
[
"chisel",
"chisel"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkae̯.lum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃe.lum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃɛːlum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "cēlum"
},
{
"word": "coelum"
}
],
"word": "caelum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for caelum meaning in Latin (17.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.