See arduus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "arduitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "perarduus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ardu"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: ardu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: ardu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "arduous"
},
"expansion": "English: arduous",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: arduous"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ardu"
},
"expansion": "French: ardu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: ardu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "arduo",
"3": "ardego"
},
"expansion": "Galician: arduo, ardego",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: arduo, ardego"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "arduo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: arduo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: arduo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "árduo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: árduo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: árduo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "arduo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: arduo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: arduo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*arðwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *arðwos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-",
"4": "*h₃r̥dʰwós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arbor",
"3": "",
"4": "tree"
},
"expansion": "Latin arbor (“tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ardd",
"3": "",
"4": "high; hill"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ardd (“high; hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ard",
"3": "",
"4": "high; height"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ard (“high; height”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὀρθός",
"3": "",
"4": "upright, straight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ऊर्ध्व",
"3": "",
"4": "rising upwards, high",
"tr": "ūrdhvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). Cognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ardua",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arduus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardue",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"expansion": "arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -uus",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated"
],
"id": "en-arduus-la-adj-N~W1Pu3O",
"links": [
[
"lofty",
"lofty"
],
[
"high",
"high"
],
[
"steep",
"steep"
],
[
"tall",
"tall"
],
[
"elevated",
"elevated"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)",
"text": "Nihil mortalibus ardui est.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous"
],
"id": "en-arduus-la-adj-6psRmX8P",
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"arduous",
"arduous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈar.du.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈärd̪uʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈar.du.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈärd̪uːs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "arduus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erdʰ-",
"Latin terms suffixed with -uus",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "arduitās"
},
{
"word": "perarduus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ardu"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: ardu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: ardu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "arduous"
},
"expansion": "English: arduous",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: arduous"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ardu"
},
"expansion": "French: ardu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: ardu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "arduo",
"3": "ardego"
},
"expansion": "Galician: arduo, ardego",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: arduo, ardego"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "arduo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: arduo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: arduo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "árduo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: árduo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: árduo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "arduo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: arduo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: arduo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*arðwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *arðwos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-",
"4": "*h₃r̥dʰwós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arbor",
"3": "",
"4": "tree"
},
"expansion": "Latin arbor (“tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ardd",
"3": "",
"4": "high; hill"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ardd (“high; hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ard",
"3": "",
"4": "high; height"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ard (“high; height”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὀρθός",
"3": "",
"4": "upright, straight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ऊर्ध्व",
"3": "",
"4": "rising upwards, high",
"tr": "ūrdhvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). Cognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ardua",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arduus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardue",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"expansion": "arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated"
],
"links": [
[
"lofty",
"lofty"
],
[
"high",
"high"
],
[
"steep",
"steep"
],
[
"tall",
"tall"
],
[
"elevated",
"elevated"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)",
"text": "Nihil mortalibus ardui est.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous"
],
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"arduous",
"arduous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈar.du.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈärd̪uʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈar.du.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈärd̪uːs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "arduus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for arduus meaning in Latin (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.