See arduus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "arduitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "perarduus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ardu"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduous"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ardu"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduo"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "árduo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduo"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₃r̥dʰwós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-"
],
[
"*h₃erdʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-"
],
[
"*-wós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wós"
],
[
"-uus",
"-uus#Latin"
],
[
"arduus",
"arduus#Latin"
],
[
"arbor",
"arbor#Latin"
],
[
"ardd",
"ardd#Welsh"
],
[
"ard",
"ard#Old_Irish"
],
[
"ὀρθός",
"ὀρθός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"ऊर्ध्व",
"ऊर्ध्व#Sanskrit"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Disputed"
},
"expansion": "Disputed",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*arðwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *arðwos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-",
"4": "*h₃r̥dʰwós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "aC-"
},
"expansion": "Latin aC-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arbor",
"3": "",
"4": "tree"
},
"expansion": "Latin arbor (“tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ardd",
"3": "",
"4": "high; hill"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ardd (“high; hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ard",
"3": "",
"4": "high; height"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ard (“high; height”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὀρθός",
"3": "",
"4": "upright, straight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ऊर्ध्व",
"3": "",
"4": "rising upwards, high",
"tr": "ūrdhvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed.\n* Perhaps from Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). The development of the Latin term is slightly unusual, as the sequence *-rdʰ- typically produces Latin -rb. According to De Vaan, it is possible that *-w- in the pre-form may have prevented the development into a labial, thereby explaining the Latin term.\n* Alternatively, the linguist Nicholas Zair derives the term from *h₂r̥Hdʰ-ew-, the weak stem of a Proto-Indo-European u-stem adjective. According to this theory, the term would follow a development from *h₂r̥Hdʰ-ew- > *aradʰ-ew- > *arad-ew-, whence ultimately arduus.\n* The linguist Robert Woodhouse proposes that a sequence *Hh₃r̥dʰwo- could produce arduus via sound development of *HHC- to Latin aC-.\nCognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ardua",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arduus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"links": [
[
"arduōrum",
"arduorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduārum",
"links": [
[
"arduārum",
"arduarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"links": [
[
"arduōrum",
"arduorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"links": [
[
"arduīs",
"arduis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōs",
"links": [
[
"arduōs",
"arduos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduās",
"links": [
[
"arduās",
"arduas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduā",
"links": [
[
"arduā",
"ardua#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"links": [
[
"arduīs",
"arduis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardue",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"expansion": "arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -uus",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated"
],
"id": "en-arduus-la-adj-N~W1Pu3O",
"links": [
[
"lofty",
"lofty"
],
[
"high",
"high"
],
[
"steep",
"steep"
],
[
"tall",
"tall"
],
[
"elevated",
"elevated"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
22
]
],
"english": "Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)",
"text": "Nihil mortalibus ardui est.",
"translation": "Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous"
],
"id": "en-arduus-la-adj-6psRmX8P",
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"arduous",
"arduous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈar.du.ʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈar.du.us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "arduus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erdʰ-",
"Latin terms suffixed with -uus",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "arduitās"
},
{
"word": "perarduus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ardu"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduous"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ardu"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduo"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "árduo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "arduo"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₃r̥dʰwós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-"
],
[
"*h₃erdʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-"
],
[
"*-wós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wós"
],
[
"-uus",
"-uus#Latin"
],
[
"arduus",
"arduus#Latin"
],
[
"arbor",
"arbor#Latin"
],
[
"ardd",
"ardd#Welsh"
],
[
"ard",
"ard#Old_Irish"
],
[
"ὀρθός",
"ὀρθός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"ऊर्ध्व",
"ऊर्ध्व#Sanskrit"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Disputed"
},
"expansion": "Disputed",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*arðwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *arðwos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erdʰ-",
"4": "*h₃r̥dʰwós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "aC-"
},
"expansion": "Latin aC-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arbor",
"3": "",
"4": "tree"
},
"expansion": "Latin arbor (“tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ardd",
"3": "",
"4": "high; hill"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ardd (“high; hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ard",
"3": "",
"4": "high; height"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ard (“high; height”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὀρθός",
"3": "",
"4": "upright, straight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ऊर्ध्व",
"3": "",
"4": "rising upwards, high",
"tr": "ūrdhvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed.\n* Perhaps from Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). The development of the Latin term is slightly unusual, as the sequence *-rdʰ- typically produces Latin -rb. According to De Vaan, it is possible that *-w- in the pre-form may have prevented the development into a labial, thereby explaining the Latin term.\n* Alternatively, the linguist Nicholas Zair derives the term from *h₂r̥Hdʰ-ew-, the weak stem of a Proto-Indo-European u-stem adjective. According to this theory, the term would follow a development from *h₂r̥Hdʰ-ew- > *aradʰ-ew- > *arad-ew-, whence ultimately arduus.\n* The linguist Robert Woodhouse proposes that a sequence *Hh₃r̥dʰwo- could produce arduus via sound development of *HHC- to Latin aC-.\nCognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ardua",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arduus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"links": [
[
"arduōrum",
"arduorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduārum",
"links": [
[
"arduārum",
"arduarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōrum",
"links": [
[
"arduōrum",
"arduorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"links": [
[
"arduīs",
"arduis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduōs",
"links": [
[
"arduōs",
"arduos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduās",
"links": [
[
"arduās",
"arduas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduā",
"links": [
[
"arduā",
"ardua#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduō",
"links": [
[
"arduō",
"arduo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arduīs",
"links": [
[
"arduīs",
"arduis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ardue",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduī",
"links": [
[
"arduī",
"ardui#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arduae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ardua",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"expansion": "arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arduus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated"
],
"links": [
[
"lofty",
"lofty"
],
[
"high",
"high"
],
[
"steep",
"steep"
],
[
"tall",
"tall"
],
[
"elevated",
"elevated"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
22
]
],
"english": "Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)",
"text": "Nihil mortalibus ardui est.",
"translation": "Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous"
],
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"arduous",
"arduous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈar.du.ʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈar.du.us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "arduus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for arduus meaning in Latin (8.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.