See ab in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
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"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "à"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "a"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "a"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "a"
},
{
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"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing"
],
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},
{
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"learned"
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}
],
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*ap<ety:inh<ine-pro:*h₂epó<id:away>>>",
"id": "away",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Italic *ap\nLatin ab\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ap\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ab\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"away\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"ab\" id=\"Latin:_away\">",
"name": "etymon"
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{
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂epó",
"4": "",
"5": "off, away"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "Cognates"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "off"
},
"expansion": "English off",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "of"
},
"expansion": "English of",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "after"
},
"expansion": "English after",
"name": "cog"
},
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"2": "po-"
},
"expansion": "Latin po-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
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"1": "grc",
"2": "ᾰ̓πό"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πό (ăpó)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Italic *ap\nLatin ab\nFrom Proto-Italic *ap, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). The reconstruction of the Proto-Italic form is somewhat uncertain, as it's not clear when or how the final vowel of the PIE form was lost. The voicing of the final consonant to -b can be interpreted as an example of regular voicing of plosives in word-final position, as in fēced < *fēcet, a sound change that some reconstruct at the common Italic stage. Others explain -b here as the result of analogical extension from clusters ending in a voiced consonant. The form ap- is attested in composition in Latin aperiō and Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre).\nCognates\n* English off\n* English of\n* English after\n* Latin po-\n* Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πό (ăpó)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ā",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "abs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "af",
"tags": [
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"Old-Latin"
]
},
{
"form": "dē ab",
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"Late-Latin"
]
}
],
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"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "prep",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "abhinc"
}
],
"senses": [
{
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{
"_dis": "20 13 14 14 11 11 19",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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{
"_dis": "21 26 14 15 0 0 23",
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{
"_dis": "15 14 15 15 12 12 17",
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{
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{
"_dis": "14 17 23 24 0 0 22",
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1",
"roman": "The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.",
"text": "Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"from, away from, out of"
],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep-V9fPOdi~",
"links": [
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"from"
],
[
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"away"
],
[
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"out"
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[
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"of"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indicating ablation): from, away from, out of"
],
"raw_tags": [
"indicating ablation"
],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 13 14 14 11 11 19",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "14 17 23 24 0 0 22",
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{
"_dis": "21 26 14 15 0 0 23",
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 14 15 15 12 12 17",
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],
"glosses": [
"down from"
],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep-e6J3dqjX",
"links": [
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indicating ablation): down from"
],
"raw_tags": [
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],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 13 14 14 11 11 19",
"kind": "other",
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{
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"kind": "other",
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],
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{
"english": "The king is saluted by his men.",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.4",
"text": "Rex ab suis appellatur.",
"translation": "The king is saluted by his men.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(source of action or event) by, by means of"
],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep-3v2bEkLz",
"links": [
[
"agency",
"agency"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"by means of",
"by means of"
]
],
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"(indicating agency): (source of action or event) by, by means of"
],
"raw_tags": [
"indicating agency"
],
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},
{
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{
"_dis": "20 13 14 14 11 11 19",
"kind": "other",
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{
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],
"examples": [
{
"english": "...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.",
"ref": "56 BCE, Cicero, Pro Sestio 42.92",
"text": "Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui, ius valeat necesse est, id est iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, vis dominetur necesse est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret. altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur.",
"translation": "...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Although indeed to the vituperators of philosophy an adequate response is in that book, in which philosophy has been defended and highly praised by us [me], when it had been accused and vituperated by Hortensius.",
"ref": "45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.2",
"text": "Quamquam philosophiae quidem vituperātōribus satis respōnsum est eō librō, quō ā nōbīs philosophia dēfēnsa et collaudāta est, cum esset accūsāta et vituperāta ab Hortēnsiō.",
"translation": "Although indeed to the vituperators of philosophy an adequate response is in that book, in which philosophy has been defended and highly praised by us [me], when it had been accused and vituperated by Hortensius.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(source of action or event) by, by means of, with"
],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep--vl7CpI0",
"links": [
[
"instrumentality",
"instrumentality"
],
[
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"by"
],
[
"by means of",
"by means of"
],
[
"with",
"with"
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"(indicating instrumentality): (source of action or event) by, by means of, with"
],
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"indicating instrumentality"
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 13 14 14 11 11 19",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 14 15 15 12 12 17",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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{
"english": "... If God is with us, who is against us?",
"ref": "Ad, Rōmānōs IIX.XXX",
"text": "... Sī Deus ā nōbīs est, quis contrā nōs?",
"translation": "... If God is with us, who is against us?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to, with"
],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep-nQumxTJ6",
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"association",
"association"
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[
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"to"
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[
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"with"
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],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"kind": "other",
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],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep-5tGcRd-w",
"links": [
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"location",
"location"
],
[
"at",
"at"
],
[
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"on"
],
[
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"in"
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],
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],
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],
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"kind": "other",
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"bold_text_offsets": [
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0,
2
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"bold_translation_offsets": [
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],
"english": "From the founding of the City.",
"text": "Ab urbe conditā.",
"translation": "From the founding of the City.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-ab-la-prep-g9RJuVJe",
"links": [
[
"after",
"after"
],
[
"since",
"since"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(time) after, since"
],
"tags": [
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],
"topics": [
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈab]",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈab]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "ab"
}
{
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"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
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"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₂epó",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 36 entries",
"Pages with entries",
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"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "à"
},
{
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"word": "a"
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{
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{
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{
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"tree": "+"
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Italic *ap\nLatin ab\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ap\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ab\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"away\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"ab\" id=\"Latin:_away\">",
"name": "etymon"
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"3": "*h₂epó",
"4": "",
"5": "off, away"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre)",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"2": "Cognates"
},
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"name": "col-top"
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{
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"2": "off"
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"name": "cog"
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{
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"1": "en",
"2": "of"
},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
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"1": "en",
"2": "after"
},
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},
{
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},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
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"2": "ᾰ̓πό"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πό (ăpó)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Italic *ap\nLatin ab\nFrom Proto-Italic *ap, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). The reconstruction of the Proto-Italic form is somewhat uncertain, as it's not clear when or how the final vowel of the PIE form was lost. The voicing of the final consonant to -b can be interpreted as an example of regular voicing of plosives in word-final position, as in fēced < *fēcet, a sound change that some reconstruct at the common Italic stage. Others explain -b here as the result of analogical extension from clusters ending in a voiced consonant. The form ap- is attested in composition in Latin aperiō and Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre).\nCognates\n* English off\n* English of\n* English after\n* Latin po-\n* Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πό (ăpó)",
"forms": [
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"tags": [
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},
{
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
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},
{
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}
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{
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1",
"roman": "The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.",
"text": "Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"from, away from, out of"
],
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[
"from",
"from"
],
[
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"(indicating ablation): from, away from, out of"
],
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],
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},
{
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"(indicating ablation): down from"
],
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"indicating ablation"
],
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{
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{
"english": "The king is saluted by his men.",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.4",
"text": "Rex ab suis appellatur.",
"translation": "The king is saluted by his men.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(source of action or event) by, by means of"
],
"links": [
[
"agency",
"agency"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"by means of",
"by means of"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indicating agency): (source of action or event) by, by means of"
],
"raw_tags": [
"indicating agency"
],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.",
"ref": "56 BCE, Cicero, Pro Sestio 42.92",
"text": "Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui, ius valeat necesse est, id est iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, vis dominetur necesse est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret. altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur.",
"translation": "...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Although indeed to the vituperators of philosophy an adequate response is in that book, in which philosophy has been defended and highly praised by us [me], when it had been accused and vituperated by Hortensius.",
"ref": "45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.2",
"text": "Quamquam philosophiae quidem vituperātōribus satis respōnsum est eō librō, quō ā nōbīs philosophia dēfēnsa et collaudāta est, cum esset accūsāta et vituperāta ab Hortēnsiō.",
"translation": "Although indeed to the vituperators of philosophy an adequate response is in that book, in which philosophy has been defended and highly praised by us [me], when it had been accused and vituperated by Hortensius.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(source of action or event) by, by means of, with"
],
"links": [
[
"instrumentality",
"instrumentality"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"by means of",
"by means of"
],
[
"with",
"with"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indicating instrumentality): (source of action or event) by, by means of, with"
],
"raw_tags": [
"indicating instrumentality"
],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "... If God is with us, who is against us?",
"ref": "Ad, Rōmānōs IIX.XXX",
"text": "... Sī Deus ā nōbīs est, quis contrā nōs?",
"translation": "... If God is with us, who is against us?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to, with"
],
"links": [
[
"association",
"association"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"with",
"with"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indicating association): to, with"
],
"raw_tags": [
"indicating association"
],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"at, on, in"
],
"links": [
[
"location",
"location"
],
[
"at",
"at"
],
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"in",
"in"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indicating location): at, on, in"
],
"raw_tags": [
"indicating location"
],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "From the founding of the City.",
"text": "Ab urbe conditā.",
"translation": "From the founding of the City.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"after, since"
],
"links": [
[
"after",
"after"
],
[
"since",
"since"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(time) after, since"
],
"tags": [
"with-ablative"
],
"topics": [
"time"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈab]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈab]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "ab"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ab meaning in Latin (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (e973cf0 and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.