See -라 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for -라 meaning in Korean (17.4kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-다〮",
"2": "-tá"
},
"expansion": "-다〮 (Yale: -tá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㅡ",
"2": "u-"
},
"expansion": "ㅡ (Yale: u-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㆍ",
"2": "o-"
},
"expansion": "ㆍ (Yale: o-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-더-",
"2": "-te-"
},
"expansion": "-더- (Yale: -te-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ᄂᆞ-",
"2": "-no-"
},
"expansion": "-ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-이-",
"2": "-ì-",
"3": "to be",
"5": "copula"
},
"expansion": "-이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of -다〮 (Yale: -tá).\nIt is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a \"minimal vowel\": ㅡ (Yale: u-) or ㆍ (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after -더- (Yale: -te-), but not after -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem -이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals. However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 7 16 15 14 6 7 6 6 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 6 15 15 13 6 7 6 6 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 13 12 12 8 8 8 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 13 13 12 7 7 7 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 20 17 7 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "What did you say?",
"roman": "Mwo-ra-go?",
"text": "뭐-라-고?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Who did you say he was?",
"roman": "Jae-ga nugu-ra-go?",
"text": "쟤-가 누구-라-고?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This isn't it?",
"roman": "Ige ani-ra-go?",
"text": "이게 아니-라-고?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "That's a person? What do you mean?",
"roman": "Jeoge saram-i-ra-ni, mwon mar-iya?",
"text": "저게 사람-이-라-니, 뭔 말-이야?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They say a sponge is also an animal.",
"roman": "Seupeonji-do dongmur-i-ra-go geuraesseo.",
"text": "스펀지-도 동물-이-라-고 그랬어.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I said that it wasn't me.",
"roman": "Na-neun ani-ra-go geuraesseo.",
"text": "나-는 아니-라-고 그랬어.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"Used in all indirect quotes (either explicit or implicit), before markers such as -고 (-go), -니 (-ni), -면 (-myeon), etc."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-U0SHFWiW",
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
],
[
"-고",
"-고#quorative"
],
[
"-니",
"-니#Korean"
],
[
"-면",
"-면#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(-ra-go, alternative form of -다-고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally",
"word": "-라-고"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 7 16 15 14 6 7 6 6 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 6 15 15 13 6 7 6 6 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 13 12 12 8 8 8 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 13 13 12 7 7 7 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 20 17 7 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They say a sponge is also an animal.",
"roman": "Seupeonji-do dongmur-i-ra geuraesseo.",
"text": "스펀지-도 동물-이-라 그랬어.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"Short for -라-고 (-ra-go, alternative form of -다-고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-1INFrmFC",
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
],
[
"-라",
"-라#Korean"
],
[
"-고",
"-고#quorative"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"(colloquial) Short for -라-고 (-ra-go, alternative form of -다-고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 7 16 15 14 6 7 6 6 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 6 15 15 13 6 7 6 6 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 13 12 12 8 8 8 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 13 13 12 7 7 7 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 20 17 7 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This is not a filial son.",
"roman": "I-neun hyoja-ga ani-ra.",
"text": "이-는 효자-가 아니-라.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If a man knows not the Way, he too is a beast.",
"roman": "Do-reul moreu-geodeun saram-do geumsu-ra.",
"text": "도-를 모르-거든 사람-도 금수-라.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"Used directly after the stem in all environments. This was historically obligatory but is now dated."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-zKtRb1sW",
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
]
],
"qualifier": "dialectal or very literary",
"raw_glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"(dated, dialectal or very literary) Used directly after the stem in all environments. This was historically obligatory but is now dated."
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"After -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix), as -더라 (-deora)."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-SexLc67F",
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-더-",
"-더-#Korean"
],
[
"-더라",
"-더라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Optionally after -으리- (-euri-, prospective suffix), as -으리라 (-eurira)."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-MlXWmrP9",
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-으리-",
"-으리-#Korean"
],
[
"-으리라",
"-으리라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Used in -느니라 (-neunira)."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-H-4iL2Vj",
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-느니라",
"-느니라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-다〮",
"2": "-tá"
},
"expansion": "-다〮 (Yale: -tá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㅡ",
"2": "u-"
},
"expansion": "ㅡ (Yale: u-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㆍ",
"2": "o-"
},
"expansion": "ㆍ (Yale: o-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-더-",
"2": "-te-"
},
"expansion": "-더- (Yale: -te-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ᄂᆞ-",
"2": "-no-"
},
"expansion": "-ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-이-",
"2": "-ì-",
"3": "to be",
"5": "copula"
},
"expansion": "-이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of -다〮 (Yale: -tá).\nIt is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a \"minimal vowel\": ㅡ (Yale: u-) or ㆍ (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after -더- (Yale: -te-), but not after -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem -이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals. However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "particle"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(-rago, post-vowel form of -이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker))",
"word": "-라고"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 7 16 15 14 6 7 6 6 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 6 15 15 13 6 7 6 6 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 13 12 12 8 8 8 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 13 13 12 7 7 7 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 20 17 7 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Short for -라고 (-rago, post-vowel form of -이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker))."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-particle-JEzJlKeF",
"links": [
[
"-라고",
"-라고#Korean"
],
[
"-이라고",
"-이라고#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "after copula"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "It's very expensive, maybe because it's organic.",
"roman": "Yuginong-i-ra geureonji mani bissada.",
"text": "유기농-이-라 그런지 많이 비싸다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"because, since; used directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”). It is the equivalent of the infinitive -어 (-eo) for other stems."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-nM8eIUtl",
"links": [
[
"because",
"because"
],
[
"since",
"since"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
],
[
"-어",
"-어#Korean"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-라서"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Only used in 아니라 (anira, “but rather”)."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-KdxSIQ~K",
"links": [
[
"아니라",
"아니라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "으라"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá); see the main entry for more.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으라 (-eura, imperative suffix)."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-suffix-wiFIe3Xf",
"links": [
[
"vowel",
"vowel"
],
[
"liquid",
"liquid"
],
[
"allomorph",
"allomorph"
],
[
"-으라",
"-으라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_text": "Compare dialectal -레 (-re) and -리 (-ri).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "particle"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Gangwon Korean",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hwanghae Korean",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pyongan Korean",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 13 12 12 8 8 8 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 13 13 12 7 7 7 7 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Is someone there?",
"ref": "2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], (북한) 강원도 이천군 [(bukhan) gang'wondo icheon'gun]: 한국 문화사",
"roman": "Nugura eom-ni?",
"text": "누구라 없-니?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used after words ending with a vowel."
],
"id": "en--라-ko-particle-TFDxAP2W",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon) suffix used after words ending with a vowel."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Standard Korean",
"word": "-가"
}
],
"tags": [
"Gangwon",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean particles",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-다〮",
"2": "-tá"
},
"expansion": "-다〮 (Yale: -tá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㅡ",
"2": "u-"
},
"expansion": "ㅡ (Yale: u-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㆍ",
"2": "o-"
},
"expansion": "ㆍ (Yale: o-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-더-",
"2": "-te-"
},
"expansion": "-더- (Yale: -te-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ᄂᆞ-",
"2": "-no-"
},
"expansion": "-ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-이-",
"2": "-ì-",
"3": "to be",
"5": "copula"
},
"expansion": "-이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of -다〮 (Yale: -tá).\nIt is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a \"minimal vowel\": ㅡ (Yale: u-) or ㆍ (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after -더- (Yale: -te-), but not after -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem -이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals. However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean links with manual fragments",
"Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "What did you say?",
"roman": "Mwo-ra-go?",
"text": "뭐-라-고?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Who did you say he was?",
"roman": "Jae-ga nugu-ra-go?",
"text": "쟤-가 누구-라-고?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This isn't it?",
"roman": "Ige ani-ra-go?",
"text": "이게 아니-라-고?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "That's a person? What do you mean?",
"roman": "Jeoge saram-i-ra-ni, mwon mar-iya?",
"text": "저게 사람-이-라-니, 뭔 말-이야?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They say a sponge is also an animal.",
"roman": "Seupeonji-do dongmur-i-ra-go geuraesseo.",
"text": "스펀지-도 동물-이-라-고 그랬어.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I said that it wasn't me.",
"roman": "Na-neun ani-ra-go geuraesseo.",
"text": "나-는 아니-라-고 그랬어.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"Used in all indirect quotes (either explicit or implicit), before markers such as -고 (-go), -니 (-ni), -면 (-myeon), etc."
],
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
],
[
"-고",
"-고#quorative"
],
[
"-니",
"-니#Korean"
],
[
"-면",
"-면#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(-ra-go, alternative form of -다-고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally",
"word": "-라-고"
}
],
"categories": [
"Korean colloquialisms",
"Korean short forms",
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They say a sponge is also an animal.",
"roman": "Seupeonji-do dongmur-i-ra geuraesseo.",
"text": "스펀지-도 동물-이-라 그랬어.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"Short for -라-고 (-ra-go, alternative form of -다-고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally."
],
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
],
[
"-라",
"-라#Korean"
],
[
"-고",
"-고#quorative"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"(colloquial) Short for -라-고 (-ra-go, alternative form of -다-고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean dated terms",
"Korean dialectal terms",
"Korean literary terms",
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This is not a filial son.",
"roman": "I-neun hyoja-ga ani-ra.",
"text": "이-는 효자-가 아니-라.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If a man knows not the Way, he too is a beast.",
"roman": "Do-reul moreu-geodeun saram-do geumsu-ra.",
"text": "도-를 모르-거든 사람-도 금수-라.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"Used directly after the stem in all environments. This was historically obligatory but is now dated."
],
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
]
],
"qualifier": "dialectal or very literary",
"raw_glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):",
"(dated, dialectal or very literary) Used directly after the stem in all environments. This was historically obligatory but is now dated."
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"After -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix), as -더라 (-deora)."
],
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-더-",
"-더-#Korean"
],
[
"-더라",
"-더라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Optionally after -으리- (-euri-, prospective suffix), as -으리라 (-eurira)."
],
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-으리-",
"-으리-#Korean"
],
[
"-으리라",
"-으리라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:",
"Used in -느니라 (-neunira)."
],
"links": [
[
"-다",
"-다#Korean"
],
[
"-느니라",
"-느니라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean particles",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-다〮",
"2": "-tá"
},
"expansion": "-다〮 (Yale: -tá)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㅡ",
"2": "u-"
},
"expansion": "ㅡ (Yale: u-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ㆍ",
"2": "o-"
},
"expansion": "ㆍ (Yale: o-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-더-",
"2": "-te-"
},
"expansion": "-더- (Yale: -te-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ᄂᆞ-",
"2": "-no-"
},
"expansion": "-ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-이-",
"2": "-ì-",
"3": "to be",
"5": "copula"
},
"expansion": "-이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of -다〮 (Yale: -tá).\nIt is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a \"minimal vowel\": ㅡ (Yale: u-) or ㆍ (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after -더- (Yale: -te-), but not after -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem -이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals. However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "particle"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(-rago, post-vowel form of -이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker))",
"word": "-라고"
}
],
"categories": [
"Korean short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for -라고 (-rago, post-vowel form of -이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker))."
],
"links": [
[
"-라고",
"-라고#Korean"
],
[
"-이라고",
"-이라고#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean particles",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "after copula"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "It's very expensive, maybe because it's organic.",
"roman": "Yuginong-i-ra geureonji mani bissada.",
"text": "유기농-이-라 그런지 많이 비싸다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"because, since; used directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”). It is the equivalent of the infinitive -어 (-eo) for other stems."
],
"links": [
[
"because",
"because"
],
[
"since",
"since"
],
[
"-이다",
"-이다#Korean"
],
[
"아니다",
"아니다#Korean"
],
[
"-어",
"-어#Korean"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-라서"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Only used in 아니라 (anira, “but rather”)."
],
"links": [
[
"아니라",
"아니라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean particles",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "으라"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-라〮",
"2": "-lá"
},
"expansion": "-라〮 (Yale: -lá)",
"name": "okm-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá); see the main entry for more.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으라 (-eura, imperative suffix)."
],
"links": [
[
"vowel",
"vowel"
],
[
"liquid",
"liquid"
],
[
"allomorph",
"allomorph"
],
[
"-으라",
"-으라#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean particles",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_text": "Compare dialectal -레 (-re) and -리 (-ri).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ra",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "particle"
},
"expansion": "-라 • (-ra)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Gangwon Korean",
"Hwanghae Korean",
"Korean terms with quotations",
"Pyongan Korean"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Is someone there?",
"ref": "2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], (북한) 강원도 이천군 [(bukhan) gang'wondo icheon'gun]: 한국 문화사",
"roman": "Nugura eom-ni?",
"text": "누구라 없-니?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used after words ending with a vowel."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon) suffix used after words ending with a vowel."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Standard Korean",
"word": "-가"
}
],
"tags": [
"Gangwon",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾa̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "라"
},
{
"other": "[라]"
}
],
"word": "-라"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon",
"path": [
"-라"
],
"section": "Korean",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "-라",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon",
"path": [
"-라"
],
"section": "Korean",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "-라",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon",
"path": [
"-라"
],
"section": "Korean",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "-라",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon",
"path": [
"-라"
],
"section": "Korean",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "-라",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Korean dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-07-20 using wiktextract (0af6c06 and 6aeea9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.