See 作る in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "つくる"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*tukoru",
"sort": "つくる"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *tukoru",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tukoru.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "作る transitive godan",
"ruby": [
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "作り",
"roman": "tsukuri",
"ruby": [
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "作った",
"roman": "tsukutta",
"ruby": [
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-verbconj-row",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "作ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "つくら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukura",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "作り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "作る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "作る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "つくる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作られる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "つくられる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuraseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "作れる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukureru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作ろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "つくろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "作らない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuranai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "つくります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "作った",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "つくった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukutta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "作って",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "つくって",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukutte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "作れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "archaic",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "作り [tsukuri]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作る [tsukuru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作って [tsukutte]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "作らないで [tsukuranai de]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなくて [tsukuranakute]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らない [tsukuranai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ります [tsukurimasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作りません [tsukurimasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作った [tsukutta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなかった [tsukuranakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りました [tsukurimashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作りませんでした [tsukurimasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作られ [tsukurare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られる [tsukurareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られない [tsukurarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られます [tsukuraremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作られません [tsukuraremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作られた [tsukurareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作られなかった [tsukurarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作られました [tsukuraremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られませんでした [tsukuraremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせ [tsukurase]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせる [tsukuraseru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "short form: 作らす [tsukurasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせない [tsukurasenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせます [tsukurasemasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせません [tsukurasemasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせた [tsukuraseta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせなかった [tsukurasenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせました [tsukurasemashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせませんでした [tsukurasemasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ [tsukure]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れる [tsukureru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れない [tsukurenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れます [tsukuremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れません [tsukuremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れた [tsukureta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れなかった [tsukurenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れました [tsukuremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れませんでした [tsukuremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ [tsukure]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ってください [tsukutte kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らないでください [tsukuranai de kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りなさい [tsukurinasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作るな [tsukuru na]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ろう [tsukurō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りましょう [tsukurimashō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作れば [tsukureba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなければ [tsukuranakereba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 作らなきゃ [tsukuranakya]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ったら [tsukuttara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなかったら [tsukuranakattara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "standard: 作らせられ [tsukuraserare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 作らされ [tsukurasare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられる [tsukuraserareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされる [tsukurasareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられない [tsukuraserarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされない [tsukurasarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられます [tsukuraseraremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされます [tsukurasaremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられません [tsukuraseraremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされません [tsukurasaremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられた [tsukuraserareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされた [tsukurasareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられなかった [tsukuraserarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされなかった [tsukurasarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられました [tsukuraseraremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされました [tsukurasaremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられませんでした [tsukuraseraremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされませんでした [tsukurasaremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りたい [tsukuritai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作りたくない [tsukuritaku nai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "For other desiderative forms",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative"
]
},
{
"form": "作っている [tsukutte iru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 作ってる [tsukutteru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていない [tsukutte inai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 作ってない [tsukuttenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作っています [tsukutte imasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていません [tsukutte imasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていた [tsukutte ita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていなかった [tsukutte inakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていました [tsukutte imashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていませんでした [tsukutte imasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "archaic",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "作らぬ [tsukuranu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らん [tsukuran]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らず [tsukurazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らず [tsukurazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作ったり [tsukuttari]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "造る",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"kanji"
]
},
{
"form": "創る",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"kanji"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "つくる",
"tr": "trans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "作(つく)る • (tsukuru) transitive godan (stem 作(つく)り (tsukuri), past 作(つく)った (tsukutta))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "つく",
"2": "る"
},
"name": "ja-conj-ex"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
16
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
21
]
],
"english": "It is life that makes tragedy.",
"ref": "1927, 芥川龍之介, 機関車を見ながら, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Higeki o tsukuru mono wa jinsei de aru.",
"ruby": [
[
"悲劇",
"ひげき"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"人生",
"じんせい"
]
],
"text": "悲劇を作るものは人生である。",
"translation": "It is life that makes tragedy.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-akNDa9RO",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"to make [something]"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
37,
44
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
23,
27
]
],
"english": "Or after this we could make an omelette.",
"ref": "1933, 岸田國士, 医術の進歩, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Soretomo, kore kara, tamagoyaki demo tsukuru no ka.",
"ruby": [
[
"卵焼",
"たまごやき"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "それとも、これから、卵焼でも作るのか。",
"translation": "Or after this we could make an omelette.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cook"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-qUY3OFDp",
"links": [
[
"cook",
"cook"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
6,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
29,
34
]
],
"english": "Isn't it of course harder to write a poem than a letter?",
"ref": "1917, 高浜虚子, 漱石氏と私, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Shi o tsukuru hō ga tegami o kaku yori tema no kakaru no wa muron ja arimasen ka.",
"ruby": [
[
"詩",
"し"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"方",
"ほう"
],
[
"手紙",
"てがみ"
],
[
"手間",
"てま"
],
[
"無論",
"むろん"
]
],
"text": "詩を作る方が手紙をかくより手間のかかるのは無論じゃありませんか。",
"translation": "Isn't it of course harder to write a poem than a letter?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to write",
"to write a literary work"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-~Pacx~L2",
"links": [
[
"write",
"write"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
183,
191
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
58,
61
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
192,
199
]
],
"english": "Watanabe Shōei, like Shibue Tsuneyoshi and Sugawa Ryūhaku, was also a child of the Hirosaki domain, and resided at Isawa’s private school. In Shinken’s record of pupils, this person’s name is written as 昌栄.",
"ref": "1916, 森鴎外, 伊沢蘭軒, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Watanabe Shōei mo mata, Shibue Tsuneyoshi, Sugawa Ryūhaku to onajiku, Hirosaki-han no shitei de, Isawa-shi no juku ni gūshite ita. Shinken monjinroku ni wa kono hito no na ga “昌栄” ni tsukutte aru.",
"ruby": [
[
"渡辺昌盈",
"わたなべしやうえい"
],
[
"亦",
"また"
],
[
"渋江恒善",
"しぶえつねよし"
],
[
"須川隆白",
"すがはりゆうはく"
],
[
"同",
"おな"
],
[
"弘前藩",
"ひろさきはん"
],
[
"子弟",
"してい"
],
[
"伊沢氏",
"いさはし"
],
[
"塾",
"じゆく"
],
[
"寓",
"ぐう"
],
[
"榛軒門人録",
"しんけんもんじんろく"
],
[
"此",
"この"
],
[
"人",
"ひと"
],
[
"名",
"な"
],
[
"昌栄",
"しやうえい"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "渡辺昌盈も亦、渋江恒善、須川隆白と同じく、弘前藩の子弟で、伊沢氏の塾に寓してゐた。榛軒門人録には此人の名が「昌栄」に作つてある。",
"translation": "Watanabe Shōei, like Shibue Tsuneyoshi and Sugawa Ryūhaku, was also a child of the Hirosaki domain, and resided at Isawa’s private school. In Shinken’s record of pupils, this person’s name is written as 昌栄.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to write",
"to write a character or word in a particular form"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-2E6axyFc",
"links": [
[
"write",
"write"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
29,
36
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"english": "Both men and women grow vegetables.",
"ref": "1923, 芥川龍之介, 不思議な島, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Otoko demo onna demo yasai o tsukuru no desu.",
"ruby": [
[
"男",
"おとこ"
],
[
"女",
"おんな"
],
[
"野菜",
"やさい"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "男でも女でも野菜を作るのです。",
"translation": "Both men and women grow vegetables.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to grow, to raise"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-AnA-q2pw",
"links": [
[
"grow",
"grow"
],
[
"raise",
"raise"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 10 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 10 10 17 21 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms read with kun'yomi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 7 7 31 19 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 9 8 8 27 22 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 24 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
36,
43
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
17,
26
]
],
"english": "There was a need cultivate intellects to suit the new era.",
"ref": "1920, 長谷川時雨, マダム貞奴, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Shinjidai ni tekisuru yō ni atama o tsukuru hitsuyō de atta.",
"ruby": [
[
"新時代",
"しんじだい"
],
[
"適",
"てき"
],
[
"頭",
"あたま"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"必要",
"ひつよう"
]
],
"text": "新時代に適するように頭を作る必要であった。",
"translation": "There was a need cultivate intellects to suit the new era.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cultivate ability, to train"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-374O~7mm",
"links": [
[
"cultivate",
"cultivate"
],
[
"train",
"train"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 10 10 15 21 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 11 13 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 10 10 15 22 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 10 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 10 10 17 21 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms read with kun'yomi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 9 8 8 27 22 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 24 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 10 10 16 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 8 8 15 33 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
72,
79
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
26,
28
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
87,
95
]
],
"english": "So the Diet is a place where laws may be passed or blocked, but not one where they are drawn up.",
"ref": "1923, 末弘厳太郎, 小知恵にとらわれた現代の法律学, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Dakara gikai wa hōritsu no tōttari tsukaetari suru tokoro de, hōritsu o tsukuru tokoro de wa nai.",
"ruby": [
[
"議会",
"ぎかい"
],
[
"法律",
"ほうりつ"
],
[
"通",
"とお"
],
[
"所",
"ところ"
],
[
"法律",
"ほうりつ"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"所",
"ところ"
]
],
"text": "だから議会は法律の通ったりつかえたりする所で、法律を作る所ではない。",
"translation": "So the Diet is a place where laws may be passed or blocked, but not one where they are drawn up.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to draw up, form, establish"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-FDWvKa3p",
"links": [
[
"draw up",
"draw up"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"establish",
"establish"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 10 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 10 10 17 21 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms read with kun'yomi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 23 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 9 8 8 27 22 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 9 9 24 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
11,
20
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
19
]
],
"english": "so that one can get a boyfriend",
"roman": "kareshi ga tsukureru yō",
"ruby": [
[
"彼氏",
"かれし"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "彼氏が作れるよう",
"translation": "so that one can get a boyfriend",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make an acquaintance"
],
"id": "en-作る-ja-verb-0Pd~ld5-",
"links": [
[
"acquaintance",
"acquaintance"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "つくる"
},
{
"ipa": "[t͡sɨ̥kɯ̟ɾɯ̟]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "sakusei suru",
"word": "作成する: write a document"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "seisaku suru",
"word": "制作する: produce a movie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "seisaku suru",
"ruby": [
[
"製作",
"せいさく"
]
],
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"furniture",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "製作する: make"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "machine, device",
"roman": "seizō suru",
"ruby": [
[
"製造",
"せいぞう"
]
],
"translation": "machine, device",
"word": "製造する: produce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "plants, industrial products",
"roman": "seisan suru",
"ruby": [
[
"生産",
"せいさん"
]
],
"translation": "plants, industrial products",
"word": "生産する: produce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "house",
"roman": "kenchiku suru",
"ruby": [
[
"建築",
"けんちく"
]
],
"translation": "house",
"word": "建築する: build"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "large building",
"roman": "kensetsu suru",
"ruby": [
[
"建設",
"けんせつ"
]
],
"topics": [
"bridge",
"games"
],
"translation": "large building",
"word": "建設する: construct"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kojiki"
],
"word": "作る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms read with kun'yomi",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 作 read as つく",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese transitive verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "つくる"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*tukoru",
"sort": "つくる"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *tukoru",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tukoru.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "作る transitive godan",
"ruby": [
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "作り",
"roman": "tsukuri",
"ruby": [
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "作った",
"roman": "tsukutta",
"ruby": [
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-verbconj-row",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "作ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "つくら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukura",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "作り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "作る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "作る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "つくる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作られる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "つくられる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuraseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "作れる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukureru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作ろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "つくろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "作らない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukuranai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "つくらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "つくります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukurimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "作った",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "つくった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukutta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "作って",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "つくって",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukutte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "作れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "つくれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "tsukureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "archaic",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "作り [tsukuri]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作る [tsukuru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作って [tsukutte]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "作らないで [tsukuranai de]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなくて [tsukuranakute]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らない [tsukuranai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ります [tsukurimasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作りません [tsukurimasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作った [tsukutta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなかった [tsukuranakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りました [tsukurimashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作りませんでした [tsukurimasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作られ [tsukurare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られる [tsukurareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られない [tsukurarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られます [tsukuraremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作られません [tsukuraremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作られた [tsukurareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作られなかった [tsukurarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作られました [tsukuraremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作られませんでした [tsukuraremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせ [tsukurase]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせる [tsukuraseru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "short form: 作らす [tsukurasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせない [tsukurasenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせます [tsukurasemasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせません [tsukurasemasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせた [tsukuraseta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせなかった [tsukurasenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせました [tsukurasemashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせませんでした [tsukurasemasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ [tsukure]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れる [tsukureru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れない [tsukurenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れます [tsukuremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れません [tsukuremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れた [tsukureta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れなかった [tsukurenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れました [tsukuremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れませんでした [tsukuremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "作れ [tsukure]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ってください [tsukutte kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らないでください [tsukuranai de kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りなさい [tsukurinasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作るな [tsukuru na]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ろう [tsukurō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りましょう [tsukurimashō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作れば [tsukureba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなければ [tsukuranakereba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 作らなきゃ [tsukuranakya]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作ったら [tsukuttara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らなかったら [tsukuranakattara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "standard: 作らせられ [tsukuraserare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 作らされ [tsukurasare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられる [tsukuraserareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされる [tsukurasareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられない [tsukuraserarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされない [tsukurasarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられます [tsukuraseraremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされます [tsukurasaremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられません [tsukuraseraremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされません [tsukurasaremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられた [tsukuraserareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされた [tsukurasareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられなかった [tsukuraserarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされなかった [tsukurasarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられました [tsukuraseraremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされました [tsukurasaremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らせられませんでした [tsukuraseraremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らされませんでした [tsukurasaremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作りたい [tsukuritai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作りたくない [tsukuritaku nai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "For other desiderative forms",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative"
]
},
{
"form": "作っている [tsukutte iru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 作ってる [tsukutteru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていない [tsukutte inai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 作ってない [tsukuttenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作っています [tsukutte imasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていません [tsukutte imasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていた [tsukutte ita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていなかった [tsukutte inakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていました [tsukutte imashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作っていませんでした [tsukutte imasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "archaic",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "作らぬ [tsukuranu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らん [tsukuran]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作らず [tsukurazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "作らず [tsukurazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "作ったり [tsukuttari]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "造る",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"kanji"
]
},
{
"form": "創る",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"kanji"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "つくる",
"tr": "trans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "作(つく)る • (tsukuru) transitive godan (stem 作(つく)り (tsukuri), past 作(つく)った (tsukutta))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "つく",
"2": "る"
},
"name": "ja-conj-ex"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
16
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
21
]
],
"english": "It is life that makes tragedy.",
"ref": "1927, 芥川龍之介, 機関車を見ながら, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Higeki o tsukuru mono wa jinsei de aru.",
"ruby": [
[
"悲劇",
"ひげき"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"人生",
"じんせい"
]
],
"text": "悲劇を作るものは人生である。",
"translation": "It is life that makes tragedy.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make"
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"to make [something]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
37,
44
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
23,
27
]
],
"english": "Or after this we could make an omelette.",
"ref": "1933, 岸田國士, 医術の進歩, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Soretomo, kore kara, tamagoyaki demo tsukuru no ka.",
"ruby": [
[
"卵焼",
"たまごやき"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "それとも、これから、卵焼でも作るのか。",
"translation": "Or after this we could make an omelette.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cook"
],
"links": [
[
"cook",
"cook"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
6,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
29,
34
]
],
"english": "Isn't it of course harder to write a poem than a letter?",
"ref": "1917, 高浜虚子, 漱石氏と私, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Shi o tsukuru hō ga tegami o kaku yori tema no kakaru no wa muron ja arimasen ka.",
"ruby": [
[
"詩",
"し"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"方",
"ほう"
],
[
"手紙",
"てがみ"
],
[
"手間",
"てま"
],
[
"無論",
"むろん"
]
],
"text": "詩を作る方が手紙をかくより手間のかかるのは無論じゃありませんか。",
"translation": "Isn't it of course harder to write a poem than a letter?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to write",
"to write a literary work"
],
"links": [
[
"write",
"write"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
183,
191
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
58,
61
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
192,
199
]
],
"english": "Watanabe Shōei, like Shibue Tsuneyoshi and Sugawa Ryūhaku, was also a child of the Hirosaki domain, and resided at Isawa’s private school. In Shinken’s record of pupils, this person’s name is written as 昌栄.",
"ref": "1916, 森鴎外, 伊沢蘭軒, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Watanabe Shōei mo mata, Shibue Tsuneyoshi, Sugawa Ryūhaku to onajiku, Hirosaki-han no shitei de, Isawa-shi no juku ni gūshite ita. Shinken monjinroku ni wa kono hito no na ga “昌栄” ni tsukutte aru.",
"ruby": [
[
"渡辺昌盈",
"わたなべしやうえい"
],
[
"亦",
"また"
],
[
"渋江恒善",
"しぶえつねよし"
],
[
"須川隆白",
"すがはりゆうはく"
],
[
"同",
"おな"
],
[
"弘前藩",
"ひろさきはん"
],
[
"子弟",
"してい"
],
[
"伊沢氏",
"いさはし"
],
[
"塾",
"じゆく"
],
[
"寓",
"ぐう"
],
[
"榛軒門人録",
"しんけんもんじんろく"
],
[
"此",
"この"
],
[
"人",
"ひと"
],
[
"名",
"な"
],
[
"昌栄",
"しやうえい"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "渡辺昌盈も亦、渋江恒善、須川隆白と同じく、弘前藩の子弟で、伊沢氏の塾に寓してゐた。榛軒門人録には此人の名が「昌栄」に作つてある。",
"translation": "Watanabe Shōei, like Shibue Tsuneyoshi and Sugawa Ryūhaku, was also a child of the Hirosaki domain, and resided at Isawa’s private school. In Shinken’s record of pupils, this person’s name is written as 昌栄.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to write",
"to write a character or word in a particular form"
],
"links": [
[
"write",
"write"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
29,
36
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"english": "Both men and women grow vegetables.",
"ref": "1923, 芥川龍之介, 不思議な島, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Otoko demo onna demo yasai o tsukuru no desu.",
"ruby": [
[
"男",
"おとこ"
],
[
"女",
"おんな"
],
[
"野菜",
"やさい"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "男でも女でも野菜を作るのです。",
"translation": "Both men and women grow vegetables.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to grow, to raise"
],
"links": [
[
"grow",
"grow"
],
[
"raise",
"raise"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
36,
43
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
17,
26
]
],
"english": "There was a need cultivate intellects to suit the new era.",
"ref": "1920, 長谷川時雨, マダム貞奴, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Shinjidai ni tekisuru yō ni atama o tsukuru hitsuyō de atta.",
"ruby": [
[
"新時代",
"しんじだい"
],
[
"適",
"てき"
],
[
"頭",
"あたま"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"必要",
"ひつよう"
]
],
"text": "新時代に適するように頭を作る必要であった。",
"translation": "There was a need cultivate intellects to suit the new era.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cultivate ability, to train"
],
"links": [
[
"cultivate",
"cultivate"
],
[
"train",
"train"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
72,
79
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
26,
28
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
87,
95
]
],
"english": "So the Diet is a place where laws may be passed or blocked, but not one where they are drawn up.",
"ref": "1923, 末弘厳太郎, 小知恵にとらわれた現代の法律学, 青空文庫:",
"roman": "Dakara gikai wa hōritsu no tōttari tsukaetari suru tokoro de, hōritsu o tsukuru tokoro de wa nai.",
"ruby": [
[
"議会",
"ぎかい"
],
[
"法律",
"ほうりつ"
],
[
"通",
"とお"
],
[
"所",
"ところ"
],
[
"法律",
"ほうりつ"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
],
[
"所",
"ところ"
]
],
"text": "だから議会は法律の通ったりつかえたりする所で、法律を作る所ではない。",
"translation": "So the Diet is a place where laws may be passed or blocked, but not one where they are drawn up.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to draw up, form, establish"
],
"links": [
[
"draw up",
"draw up"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"establish",
"establish"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
11,
20
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
19
]
],
"english": "so that one can get a boyfriend",
"roman": "kareshi ga tsukureru yō",
"ruby": [
[
"彼氏",
"かれし"
],
[
"作",
"つく"
]
],
"text": "彼氏が作れるよう",
"translation": "so that one can get a boyfriend",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make an acquaintance"
],
"links": [
[
"acquaintance",
"acquaintance"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "つくる"
},
{
"ipa": "[t͡sɨ̥kɯ̟ɾɯ̟]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "sakusei suru",
"word": "作成する: write a document"
},
{
"roman": "seisaku suru",
"word": "制作する: produce a movie"
},
{
"roman": "seisaku suru",
"ruby": [
[
"製作",
"せいさく"
]
],
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"furniture",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "製作する: make"
},
{
"english": "machine, device",
"roman": "seizō suru",
"ruby": [
[
"製造",
"せいぞう"
]
],
"translation": "machine, device",
"word": "製造する: produce"
},
{
"english": "plants, industrial products",
"roman": "seisan suru",
"ruby": [
[
"生産",
"せいさん"
]
],
"translation": "plants, industrial products",
"word": "生産する: produce"
},
{
"english": "house",
"roman": "kenchiku suru",
"ruby": [
[
"建築",
"けんちく"
]
],
"translation": "house",
"word": "建築する: build"
},
{
"english": "large building",
"roman": "kensetsu suru",
"ruby": [
[
"建設",
"けんせつ"
]
],
"topics": [
"bridge",
"games"
],
"translation": "large building",
"word": "建設する: construct"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kojiki"
],
"word": "作る"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 作る meaning in Japanese (24.7kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative form\")'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive form\")'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'archaic', 'conjunctive'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'polite', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'passive', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'causative', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'potential', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei / Firm instruction'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite request'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '-nasai form'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Prohibitive / Do not ~'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'imperative', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Hypothetical / Provisional'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '-tara form'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'conditional', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'desiderative', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 作る/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'desiderative', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'archaic'}",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Archaic or classical negative'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Archaic attributive negative'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '(〜に): without ~ing'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Representative / Listing examples'",
"path": [
"作る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "作る",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-02-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.