"確信" meaning in Japanese

See 確信 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [ka̠kɯ̟ᵝɕĩɴ] Forms: 確信 [canonical] (ruby: (かく), (しん)), kakushin [romanization]
Head templates: {{ja-noun|かくしん}} 確(かく)信(しん) • (kakushin)
  1. conviction, confidence in
    Sense id: en-確信-ja-noun-Dk-x0kwz

Verb

IPA: [ka̠kɯ̟ᵝɕĩɴ]
Forms: 確信する [canonical] (ruby: (かく), (しん)), kakushin suru [romanization], 確信し [stem] (ruby: (かく), (しん)), 確信した [past] (ruby: (かく), (しん)), no-table-tags [table-tags], 確信し [error-unrecognized-form], かくしんし [error-unrecognized-form], kakushin shi [error-unrecognized-form], 確信する [error-unrecognized-form], かくしんする [error-unrecognized-form], kakushin suru [error-unrecognized-form], 確信すれ [error-unrecognized-form], かくしんすれ [error-unrecognized-form], kakushin sure [error-unrecognized-form], 確信せよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 確信しろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], かくしんせよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], かくしんしろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], kakushin seyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], kakushin shiro [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 確信される [passive], かくしんされる [passive], kakushin sareru [passive], 確信させる [causative], 確信さす [causative], かくしんさせる [causative], かくしんさす [causative], kakushin saseru [causative], kakushin sasu [causative], 確信できる [potential], かくしんできる [potential], kakushin dekiru [potential], 確信しよう [volitional], かくしんしよう [volitional], kakushin shiyō [volitional], 確信しない [negative], かくしんしない [negative], kakushin shinai [negative], 確信せず [continuative, negative], かくしんせず [continuative, negative], kakushin sezu [continuative, negative], 確信します [formal], かくしんします [formal], kakushin shimasu [formal], 確信した [perfective], かくしんした [perfective], kakushin shita [perfective], 確信して [conjunctive], かくしんして [conjunctive], kakushin shite [conjunctive], 確信すれば [conditional, hypothetical], かくしんすれば [conditional, hypothetical], kakushin sureba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. to be convinced that
    Sense id: en-確信-ja-verb-N-Icli0f Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 22 78 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 6 94 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations: 5 95 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 6 94 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 23 77

Download JSON data for 確信 meaning in Japanese (6.3kB)

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "確信",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "かくしん"
      },
      "expansion": "確(かく)信(しん) • (kakushin)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "conviction, confidence in"
      ],
      "id": "en-確信-ja-noun-Dk-x0kwz",
      "links": [
        [
          "conviction",
          "conviction"
        ],
        [
          "confidence",
          "confidence"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ka̠kɯ̟ᵝɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "確信"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "確信する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信し",
      "roman": "kakushin shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信した",
      "roman": "kakushin shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "22 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 94",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 95",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 94",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 77",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be convinced that"
      ],
      "id": "en-確信-ja-verb-N-Icli0f",
      "links": [
        [
          "convinced",
          "convinced"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ka̠kɯ̟ᵝɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "確信"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "確信",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "かくしん"
      },
      "expansion": "確(かく)信(しん) • (kakushin)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "conviction, confidence in"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "conviction",
          "conviction"
        ],
        [
          "confidence",
          "confidence"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ka̠kɯ̟ᵝɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "確信"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "確信する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信し",
      "roman": "kakushin shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信した",
      "roman": "kakushin shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "確",
          "かく"
        ],
        [
          "信",
          "しん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "確信すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かくしんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kakushin sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be convinced that"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "convinced",
          "convinced"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ka̠kɯ̟ᵝɕĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "確信"
}
{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "確信"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "確信",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (a644e18 and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.