See 書く in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "egaku",
"ruby": [
[
"描",
"えが"
]
],
"word": "描く"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "egaku",
"ruby": [
[
"画",
"えが"
]
],
"word": "画く"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*kaku",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”).\nFirst attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.\nCognate with 掻く (kaku, “to scratch”) (letters were originally scratched or carved into wood in order to write).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "書く",
"ruby": [
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "書き",
"roman": "kaki",
"ruby": [
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "書いた",
"roman": "kaita",
"ruby": [
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-ku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書か",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かか",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書き",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書け",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かけ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kake",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "かかれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kakareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "書ける",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "かける",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書こう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かこう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kakō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "書かない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かきます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kakimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "書いた",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "かいた",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kaita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "書いて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かいて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "書けば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "かけば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書か",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かか",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "書き",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "書く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "書く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "書け",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かけ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kake",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "書け",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かけ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kake",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書けど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "かけど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "kakedo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "書けば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かけば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かかば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kakaba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "書きき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かきき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kakiki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書きけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かきけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kakikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書きつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かきつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書きぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かきぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書けり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書きたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かきたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書かむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かかむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kakamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書き [kaki]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書く [kaku]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いて [kaite]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かないで [kakanai de]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなくて [kakanakute]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かない [kakanai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きます [kakimasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書きません [kakimasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書いた [kaita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなかった [kakanakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きました [kakimashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書きませんでした [kakimasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれ [kakare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれる [kakareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれない [kakarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれます [kakaremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれません [kakaremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれた [kakareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれなかった [kakarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれました [kakaremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれませんでした [kakaremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせ [kakase]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせる [kakaseru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "short form: 書かす [kakasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせない [kakasenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせます [kakasemasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせません [kakasemasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせた [kakaseta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせなかった [kakasenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせました [kakasemashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせませんでした [kakasemasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書け [kake]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書ける [kakeru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けない [kakenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けます [kakemasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けません [kakemasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けた [kaketa]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けなかった [kakenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けました [kakemashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けませんでした [kakemasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書け [kake]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いてください [kaite kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かないでください [kakanai de kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きなさい [kakinasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書くな [kaku na]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書こう [kakō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きましょう [kakimashō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書けば [kakeba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなければ [kakanakereba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 書かなきゃ [kakanakya]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いたら [kaitara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなかったら [kakanakattara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "standard: 書かせられ [kakaserare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 書かされ [kakasare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられる [kakaserareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされる [kakasareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられない [kakaserarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされない [kakasarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられます [kakaseraremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされます [kakasaremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられません [kakaseraremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされません [kakasaremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられた [kakaserareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされた [kakasareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられなかった [kakaserarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされなかった [kakasarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられました [kakaseraremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされました [kakasaremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられませんでした [kakaseraremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされませんでした [kakasaremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きたい [kakitai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書きたくない [kakitaku nai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "For other desiderative forms",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いている [kaite iru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 書いてる [kaiteru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていない [kaite inai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 書いてない [kaitenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いています [kaite imasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていません [kaite imasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていた [kaite ita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていなかった [kaite inakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていました [kaite imashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていませんでした [kaite imasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書かぬ [kakanu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かん [kakan]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず [kakazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず [kakazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いたり [kaitari]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かく",
"tr": "trans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "書(か)く • (kaku) transitive godan (stem 書(か)き (kaki), past 書(か)いた (kaita))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "か",
"2": "4-k"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "か",
"2": "く"
},
"name": "ja-conj-ex"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "kaku",
"ruby": [
[
"掻",
"か"
]
],
"word": "掻く"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ku",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
13,
20
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
38,
43
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
18
]
],
"english": "Mr. Chen was writing a report at the library yesterday.",
"roman": "Kinō Chen-san wa toshokan de repōto o kaite imashita.",
"ruby": [
[
"昨日陳",
"きのうチェン"
],
[
"図書館",
"としょかん"
],
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"text": "昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to write; to record (words, figures) on the surface of (something)"
],
"id": "en-書く-ja-verb-If2yUzyz",
"links": [
[
"write",
"write"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ku",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to compose; to put (an idea, etc) into words"
],
"id": "en-書く-ja-verb-Iu5KoCqB",
"links": [
[
"compose",
"compose"
],
[
"word",
"word"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かく"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠kɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kojiki",
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "書く"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -ku",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese transitive verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "egaku",
"ruby": [
[
"描",
"えが"
]
],
"word": "描く"
},
{
"roman": "egaku",
"ruby": [
[
"画",
"えが"
]
],
"word": "画く"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*kaku",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”).\nFirst attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.\nCognate with 掻く (kaku, “to scratch”) (letters were originally scratched or carved into wood in order to write).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "書く",
"ruby": [
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "書き",
"roman": "kaki",
"ruby": [
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "書いた",
"roman": "kaita",
"ruby": [
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-ku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書か",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かか",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書き",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書け",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かけ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kake",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "かかれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kakareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "書ける",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "かける",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書こう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かこう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kakō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "書かない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かきます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kakimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "書いた",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "かいた",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kaita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "書いて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かいて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "書けば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "かけば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書か",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かか",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "書き",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "書く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "書く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "書け",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かけ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kake",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "書け",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かけ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kake",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かかず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書けど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "かけど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "kakedo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "書けば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かけば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かかば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kakaba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "書きき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かきき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kakiki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書きけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かきけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kakikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書きつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かきつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書きぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かきぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書けり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書きたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かきたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kakitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "書かむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かかむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kakamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書き [kaki]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書く [kaku]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いて [kaite]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かないで [kakanai de]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなくて [kakanakute]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かない [kakanai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きます [kakimasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書きません [kakimasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書いた [kaita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなかった [kakanakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きました [kakimashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書きませんでした [kakimasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれ [kakare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれる [kakareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれない [kakarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれます [kakaremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれません [kakaremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれた [kakareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれなかった [kakarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれました [kakaremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かれませんでした [kakaremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせ [kakase]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせる [kakaseru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "short form: 書かす [kakasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせない [kakasenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせます [kakasemasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせません [kakasemasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせた [kakaseta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせなかった [kakasenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせました [kakasemashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせませんでした [kakasemasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書け [kake]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書ける [kakeru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けない [kakenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けます [kakemasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けません [kakemasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"polite",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けた [kaketa]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けなかった [kakenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"past",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けました [kakemashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書けませんでした [kakemasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "書け [kake]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いてください [kaite kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かないでください [kakanai de kudasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きなさい [kakinasai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書くな [kaku na]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書こう [kakō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きましょう [kakimashō]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書けば [kakeba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなければ [kakanakereba]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 書かなきゃ [kakanakya]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いたら [kaitara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かなかったら [kakanakattara]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "standard: 書かせられ [kakaserare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "colloquial: 書かされ [kakasare]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられる [kakaserareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされる [kakasareru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられない [kakaserarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされない [kakasarenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられます [kakaseraremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされます [kakasaremasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられません [kakaseraremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされません [kakasaremasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられた [kakaserareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされた [kakasareta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられなかった [kakaserarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされなかった [kakasarenakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられました [kakaseraremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされました [kakasaremashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かせられませんでした [kakaseraremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かされませんでした [kakasaremasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書きたい [kakitai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書きたくない [kakitaku nai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "For other desiderative forms",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いている [kaite iru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 書いてる [kaiteru]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていない [kaite inai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "contraction: 書いてない [kaitenai]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書いています [kaite imasu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていません [kaite imasen]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていた [kaite ita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていなかった [kaite inakatta]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていました [kaite imashita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いていませんでした [kaite imasen deshita]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"desiderative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-ex",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "書かぬ [kakanu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かん [kakan]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず [kakazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "書かず [kakazu]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "書いたり [kaitari]",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かく",
"tr": "trans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "書(か)く • (kaku) transitive godan (stem 書(か)き (kaki), past 書(か)いた (kaita))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "か",
"2": "4-k"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "か",
"2": "く"
},
"name": "ja-conj-ex"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"roman": "kaku",
"ruby": [
[
"掻",
"か"
]
],
"word": "掻く"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
13,
20
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
38,
43
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
18
]
],
"english": "Mr. Chen was writing a report at the library yesterday.",
"roman": "Kinō Chen-san wa toshokan de repōto o kaite imashita.",
"ruby": [
[
"昨日陳",
"きのうチェン"
],
[
"図書館",
"としょかん"
],
[
"書",
"か"
]
],
"text": "昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to write; to record (words, figures) on the surface of (something)"
],
"links": [
[
"write",
"write"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to compose; to put (an idea, etc) into words"
],
"links": [
[
"compose",
"compose"
],
[
"word",
"word"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かく"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠kɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kojiki",
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "書く"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 書く meaning in Japanese (20.9kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative form\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive form\")'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'conjunctive'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'polite'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'passive', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'causative'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'potential'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei / Firm instruction'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite request'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '-nasai form'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Prohibitive / Do not 〜'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'imperative', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Hypothetical / Provisional'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '-tara form'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Verb stem'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'conditional'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'desiderative', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 書く/Japanese 'Plain' base_tags={'desiderative', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite past'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Archaic or classical negative'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Archaic attributive negative'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '(〜に): without 〜ing'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Representative / Listing examples'",
"path": [
"書く"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "書く",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (3dadd05 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.