See astringere in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:astringō<alt:astringere>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ad-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*strinégti\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*streyg-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-né-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*stringō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*stréngʰeti\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*strengʰ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*strengō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"stringō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"astringō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"astringere\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }\" data-lang=\"it\" data-title=\"astringere\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "astringō",
"4": "astringere"
},
"expansion": "Latin astringere",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin astringere.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "astrìngere",
"links": [
[
"astrìngere",
"astringere"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngo",
"links": [
[
"astrìngo",
"astringo"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnsi",
"links": [
[
"astrìnsi",
"astrinsi"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrétto",
"links": [
[
"astrétto",
"astretto"
]
],
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "avére",
"links": [
[
"avére",
"avere"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "it-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngere",
"links": [
[
"astrìngere",
"astringere#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avére",
"links": [
[
"avére",
"avere#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "astringèndo",
"links": [
[
"astringèndo",
"astringendo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "astringènte",
"links": [
[
"astringènte",
"astringente#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astrétto",
"links": [
[
"astrétto",
"astretto#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngo",
"links": [
[
"astrìngo",
"astringo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngi",
"links": [
[
"astrìngi",
"astringi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnge",
"links": [
[
"astrìnge",
"astringe#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéte",
"links": [
[
"astringéte",
"astringete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngono",
"links": [
[
"astrìngono",
"astringono#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringévo",
"links": [
[
"astringévo",
"astringevo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringévi",
"links": [
[
"astringévi",
"astringevi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéva",
"links": [
[
"astringéva",
"astringeva#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringevàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringevàmo",
"astringevamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringevàte",
"links": [
[
"astringevàte",
"astringevate#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringévano",
"links": [
[
"astringévano",
"astringevano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnsi",
"links": [
[
"astrìnsi",
"astrinsi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringésti",
"links": [
[
"astringésti",
"astringesti#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnse",
"links": [
[
"astrìnse",
"astrinse#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringémmo",
"links": [
[
"astringémmo",
"astringemmo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéste",
"links": [
[
"astringéste",
"astringeste#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnsero",
"links": [
[
"astrìnsero",
"astrinsero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerò",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerài",
"links": [
[
"astringerài",
"astringerai#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerà",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerémo",
"links": [
[
"astringerémo",
"astringeremo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringeréte",
"links": [
[
"astringeréte",
"astringerete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerànno",
"links": [
[
"astringerànno",
"astringeranno#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerèi",
"links": [
[
"astringerèi",
"astringerei#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerésti",
"links": [
[
"astringerésti",
"astringeresti#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerèbbe",
"links": [
[
"astringerèbbe",
"astringerebbe#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerébbe",
"links": [
[
"astringerébbe",
"astringerebbe#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerémmo",
"links": [
[
"astringerémmo",
"astringeremmo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringeréste",
"links": [
[
"astringeréste",
"astringereste#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerèbbero",
"links": [
[
"astringerèbbero",
"astringerebbero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerébbero",
"links": [
[
"astringerébbero",
"astringerebbero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàte",
"links": [
[
"astringiàte",
"astringiate#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngano",
"links": [
[
"astrìngano",
"astringano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssi",
"links": [
[
"astringéssi",
"astringessi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssi",
"links": [
[
"astringéssi",
"astringessi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringésse",
"links": [
[
"astringésse",
"astringesse#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssimo",
"links": [
[
"astringéssimo",
"astringessimo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéste",
"links": [
[
"astringéste",
"astringeste#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssero",
"links": [
[
"astringéssero",
"astringessero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngi",
"links": [
[
"astrìngi",
"astringi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"second-person-semantically",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéte",
"links": [
[
"astringéte",
"astringete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngano",
"links": [
[
"astrìngano",
"astringano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person-semantically",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngere",
"links": [
[
"astrìngere",
"astringere#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"negative",
"second-person-semantically",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéte",
"links": [
[
"astringéte",
"astringete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngano",
"links": [
[
"astrìngano",
"astringano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural",
"second-person-semantically",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrignere",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a\\@"
},
"expansion": "astrìngere (first-person singular present astrìngo, first-person singular past historic astrìnsi, past participle astrétto, auxiliary avére)",
"name": "it-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "transitive"
},
"expansion": "(transitive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"a‧strìn‧ge‧re"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"a‧strìn‧ge‧re"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a\\@"
},
"name": "it-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "astringente"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "stringere"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 18 33 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 22 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 27 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs ending in -ere",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 29 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs taking avere as auxiliary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 20 28 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with irregular past historic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 33 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with root-stressed infinitive",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 24 26 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 30 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to compel, to oblige"
],
"id": "en-astringere-it-verb-ewIu8UpN",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": ":a(inf)<to>"
},
"expansion": "[with a (+ infinitive) ‘to’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"a",
"(+",
"infinitive)",
"‘to’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"compel",
"compel"
],
[
"oblige",
"oblige"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) to compel, to oblige [with a (+ infinitive) ‘to’]"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 28 40 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 18 33 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 22 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 27 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs ending in -ere",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 29 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs taking avere as auxiliary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 20 28 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with irregular past historic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 33 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with root-stressed infinitive",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 24 26 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 30 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to grasp tightly; to squeeze"
],
"id": "en-astringere-it-verb-JxNXzsqf",
"links": [
[
"grasp",
"grasp"
],
[
"tightly",
"tightly"
],
[
"squeeze",
"squeeze"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) to grasp tightly; to squeeze"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stringere"
}
],
"tags": [
"poetic",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "it",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "it:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 28 40 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 18 33 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 22 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 27 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs ending in -ere",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 29 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs taking avere as auxiliary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 20 28 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with irregular past historic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 33 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with root-stressed infinitive",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 24 26 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 30 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to tighten, to cause an astringent effect to (tissues, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-astringere-it-verb-Sp6xtyob",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"tighten",
"tighten"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"astringent",
"astringent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) to tighten, to cause an astringent effect to (tissues, etc.)"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "it",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "it:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 28 40 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 18 33 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 22 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 27 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs ending in -ere",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 29 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs taking avere as auxiliary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 20 28 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with irregular past historic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 27 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with irregular past participle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 33 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian verbs with root-stressed infinitive",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 24 26 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 14 13 16 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 30 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to constipate"
],
"id": "en-astringere-it-verb-v3-KFZZU",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"constipate",
"constipate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) to constipate"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/asˈtrin.d͡ʒe.re/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-indʒere"
}
],
"word": "astringere"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian 4-syllable words",
"Italian entries with etymon",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian irregular verbs",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian links with redundant wikilinks",
"Italian terms derived from Latin",
"Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Italian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Italian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *strengʰ-",
"Italian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *streyg-",
"Italian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₂éd",
"Italian terms inherited from Latin",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Italian transitive verbs",
"Italian verbs",
"Italian verbs ending in -ere",
"Italian verbs taking avere as auxiliary",
"Italian verbs with irregular past historic",
"Italian verbs with irregular past participle",
"Italian verbs with root-stressed infinitive",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Italian/indʒere",
"Rhymes:Italian/indʒere/4 syllables"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:astringō<alt:astringere>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ad-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*strinégti\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*streyg-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-né-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*stringō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*stréngʰeti\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*strengʰ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*strengō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"stringō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"astringō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"astringere\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }\" data-lang=\"it\" data-title=\"astringere\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "astringō",
"4": "astringere"
},
"expansion": "Latin astringere",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin astringere.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "astrìngere",
"links": [
[
"astrìngere",
"astringere"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngo",
"links": [
[
"astrìngo",
"astringo"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnsi",
"links": [
[
"astrìnsi",
"astrinsi"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrétto",
"links": [
[
"astrétto",
"astretto"
]
],
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "avére",
"links": [
[
"avére",
"avere"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "it-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngere",
"links": [
[
"astrìngere",
"astringere#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avére",
"links": [
[
"avére",
"avere#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "astringèndo",
"links": [
[
"astringèndo",
"astringendo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "astringènte",
"links": [
[
"astringènte",
"astringente#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astrétto",
"links": [
[
"astrétto",
"astretto#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngo",
"links": [
[
"astrìngo",
"astringo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngi",
"links": [
[
"astrìngi",
"astringi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnge",
"links": [
[
"astrìnge",
"astringe#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéte",
"links": [
[
"astringéte",
"astringete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngono",
"links": [
[
"astrìngono",
"astringono#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringévo",
"links": [
[
"astringévo",
"astringevo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringévi",
"links": [
[
"astringévi",
"astringevi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéva",
"links": [
[
"astringéva",
"astringeva#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringevàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringevàmo",
"astringevamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringevàte",
"links": [
[
"astringevàte",
"astringevate#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringévano",
"links": [
[
"astringévano",
"astringevano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnsi",
"links": [
[
"astrìnsi",
"astrinsi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringésti",
"links": [
[
"astringésti",
"astringesti#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnse",
"links": [
[
"astrìnse",
"astrinse#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringémmo",
"links": [
[
"astringémmo",
"astringemmo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéste",
"links": [
[
"astringéste",
"astringeste#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnsero",
"links": [
[
"astrìnsero",
"astrinsero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerò",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerài",
"links": [
[
"astringerài",
"astringerai#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerà",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerémo",
"links": [
[
"astringerémo",
"astringeremo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringeréte",
"links": [
[
"astringeréte",
"astringerete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerànno",
"links": [
[
"astringerànno",
"astringeranno#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerèi",
"links": [
[
"astringerèi",
"astringerei#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerésti",
"links": [
[
"astringerésti",
"astringeresti#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerèbbe",
"links": [
[
"astringerèbbe",
"astringerebbe#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerébbe",
"links": [
[
"astringerébbe",
"astringerebbe#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerémmo",
"links": [
[
"astringerémmo",
"astringeremmo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringeréste",
"links": [
[
"astringeréste",
"astringereste#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerèbbero",
"links": [
[
"astringerèbbero",
"astringerebbero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringerébbero",
"links": [
[
"astringerébbero",
"astringerebbero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàte",
"links": [
[
"astringiàte",
"astringiate#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngano",
"links": [
[
"astrìngano",
"astringano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssi",
"links": [
[
"astringéssi",
"astringessi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssi",
"links": [
[
"astringéssi",
"astringessi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringésse",
"links": [
[
"astringésse",
"astringesse#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssimo",
"links": [
[
"astringéssimo",
"astringessimo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéste",
"links": [
[
"astringéste",
"astringeste#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéssero",
"links": [
[
"astringéssero",
"astringessero#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngi",
"links": [
[
"astrìngi",
"astringi#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"second-person-semantically",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéte",
"links": [
[
"astringéte",
"astringete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngano",
"links": [
[
"astrìngano",
"astringano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person-semantically",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngere",
"links": [
[
"astrìngere",
"astringere#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìnga",
"links": [
[
"astrìnga",
"astringa#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"negative",
"second-person-semantically",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astringiàmo",
"links": [
[
"astringiàmo",
"astringiamo#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astringéte",
"links": [
[
"astringéte",
"astringete#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrìngano",
"links": [
[
"astrìngano",
"astringano#Italian"
]
],
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural",
"second-person-semantically",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astrignere",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a\\@"
},
"expansion": "astrìngere (first-person singular present astrìngo, first-person singular past historic astrìnsi, past participle astrétto, auxiliary avére)",
"name": "it-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "transitive"
},
"expansion": "(transitive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"a‧strìn‧ge‧re"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"a‧strìn‧ge‧re"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a\\@"
},
"name": "it-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "astringente"
},
{
"word": "stringere"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"to compel, to oblige"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": ":a(inf)<to>"
},
"expansion": "[with a (+ infinitive) ‘to’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"a",
"(+",
"infinitive)",
"‘to’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"compel",
"compel"
],
[
"oblige",
"oblige"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) to compel, to oblige [with a (+ infinitive) ‘to’]"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Italian poetic terms"
],
"glosses": [
"to grasp tightly; to squeeze"
],
"links": [
[
"grasp",
"grasp"
],
[
"tightly",
"tightly"
],
[
"squeeze",
"squeeze"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) to grasp tightly; to squeeze"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stringere"
}
],
"tags": [
"poetic",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"it:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"to tighten, to cause an astringent effect to (tissues, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"tighten",
"tighten"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"astringent",
"astringent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) to tighten, to cause an astringent effect to (tissues, etc.)"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"it:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"to constipate"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"constipate",
"constipate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) to constipate"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/asˈtrin.d͡ʒe.re/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-indʒere"
}
],
"word": "astringere"
}
Download raw JSONL data for astringere meaning in Italian (15.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Italian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-02 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (d9fa233 and 9e92f4b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.