See cumhal in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cumal"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cumal",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Irish cumal.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cumhaile",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhala",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-decl-f2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "a chumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "a chumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhaile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhail",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"dialectal",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-decl-f2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an chumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "na cumhaile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na gcumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcumhail",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chumhail",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis na cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "chumhal",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition",
"mutation"
]
},
{
"form": "gcumhal",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"eclipsis",
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "cumhala",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "cumhaile",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cumhal f (genitive singular cumhaile, nominative plural cumhala)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cumhaile",
"3": "cumhala"
},
"expansion": "cumhal f (genitive singular cumhaile, nominative plural cumhala)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "c",
"2": "umhal",
"3": "umhaile",
"dat": "umhail",
"datoc": "a"
},
"name": "ga-decl-f2"
},
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ga",
"name": "Women",
"orig": "ga:Women",
"parents": [
"Female",
"Female people",
"Feminism",
"Gender",
"People",
"Ideologies",
"Society",
"Sociology",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Human",
"Politics",
"All topics",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1892, William Ridgeway, The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards (quotation in English and Irish; overall work in English), page 33:",
"text": "As elsewhere, however, the slave formed occasionally the highest unit, and was reckoned nominally at three cows. The slave woman (cumhal, ancilla in Latin writers) was in course of time used as a mere unit of account.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bondmaid"
],
"id": "en-cumhal-ga-noun-56PZUMSW",
"links": [
[
"bondmaid",
"bondmaid"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ga",
"name": "Women",
"orig": "ga:Women",
"parents": [
"Female",
"Female people",
"Feminism",
"Gender",
"People",
"Ideologies",
"Society",
"Sociology",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Human",
"Politics",
"All topics",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1922, R. A. Stewart Macalister, “The Valuation and Tenure of Property”, in Ireland (quotation in English and Irish; overall work in English), page 102:",
"text": "For yet higher sums the cumhal (pron. cūwal, the u being nasalised) or bondsmaid was the unit, and here again we meet with a considerable range of values. The normal value of the cumhal... seems to have been 10 sets, the set being further defined as of the second class... But in some passages we read of a cumhal worth 3 sets, and even only one; so that there is a wide range of uncertainty as to valuation in the absence of knowledge that was imparted traditionally.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Laurence Ginnell, The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook (quotation in English and Irish; overall work in English), page 80:",
"text": "The measures by which the actual quantities in each case were ascertained were the cumhal (pronounced cooal) and the sed (pronounced shed)... Cumhal means, literally, a bond-maid or female slave; but in the laws it is never used in any other sense than as a measure of quantity, or rather of value, perhaps what was originally supposed to equal the value of such a slave. As applied to land (tircumhat), it meant the usufruct for one year of about twenty acres, less or more, according as the land was good or bad... As applied to things other than land, cumhal meant the value of three cows.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a unit of account equivalent to the theoretical value of a bondmaid"
],
"id": "en-cumhal-ga-noun-47fQ4Njp",
"links": [
[
"unit of account",
"unit of account"
],
[
"equivalent",
"equivalent"
],
[
"theoretical",
"theoretical"
],
[
"value",
"value"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "cumhal"
}
{
"categories": [
"Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Irish feminine nouns",
"Irish lemmas",
"Irish nouns",
"Irish second-declension nouns",
"Irish terms derived from Old Irish",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ga:Women"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cumal"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cumal",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Irish cumal.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cumhaile",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhala",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-decl-f2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "a chumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "a chumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhaile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhail",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"dialectal",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-decl-f2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an chumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "na cumhaile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na gcumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcumhail",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chumhal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chumhail",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis na cumhala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumhal",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "chumhal",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition",
"mutation"
]
},
{
"form": "gcumhal",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"eclipsis",
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "cumhala",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "cumhaile",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cumhal f (genitive singular cumhaile, nominative plural cumhala)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cumhaile",
"3": "cumhala"
},
"expansion": "cumhal f (genitive singular cumhaile, nominative plural cumhala)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "c",
"2": "umhal",
"3": "umhaile",
"dat": "umhail",
"datoc": "a"
},
"name": "ga-decl-f2"
},
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1892, William Ridgeway, The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards (quotation in English and Irish; overall work in English), page 33:",
"text": "As elsewhere, however, the slave formed occasionally the highest unit, and was reckoned nominally at three cows. The slave woman (cumhal, ancilla in Latin writers) was in course of time used as a mere unit of account.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bondmaid"
],
"links": [
[
"bondmaid",
"bondmaid"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1922, R. A. Stewart Macalister, “The Valuation and Tenure of Property”, in Ireland (quotation in English and Irish; overall work in English), page 102:",
"text": "For yet higher sums the cumhal (pron. cūwal, the u being nasalised) or bondsmaid was the unit, and here again we meet with a considerable range of values. The normal value of the cumhal... seems to have been 10 sets, the set being further defined as of the second class... But in some passages we read of a cumhal worth 3 sets, and even only one; so that there is a wide range of uncertainty as to valuation in the absence of knowledge that was imparted traditionally.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Laurence Ginnell, The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook (quotation in English and Irish; overall work in English), page 80:",
"text": "The measures by which the actual quantities in each case were ascertained were the cumhal (pronounced cooal) and the sed (pronounced shed)... Cumhal means, literally, a bond-maid or female slave; but in the laws it is never used in any other sense than as a measure of quantity, or rather of value, perhaps what was originally supposed to equal the value of such a slave. As applied to land (tircumhat), it meant the usufruct for one year of about twenty acres, less or more, according as the land was good or bad... As applied to things other than land, cumhal meant the value of three cows.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a unit of account equivalent to the theoretical value of a bondmaid"
],
"links": [
[
"unit of account",
"unit of account"
],
[
"equivalent",
"equivalent"
],
[
"theoretical",
"theoretical"
],
[
"value",
"value"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "cumhal"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cumhal meaning in Irish (5.9kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Nominative",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Vocative",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Genitive",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Dative",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Bare forms",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Nominative",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Genitive",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Dative",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Forms with the definite article",
"path": [
"cumhal"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumhal",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.