"caiseal" meaning in Irish

See caiseal in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈkaʃəl̪ˠ/, /ˈkaʃəlˠ/
Etymology: From Old Irish caisel, from Latin castellum. Doublet of caistéal. Etymology templates: {{inh|ga|sga|caisel}} Old Irish caisel, {{der|ga|la|castellum}} Latin castellum, {{doublet|ga|caistéal}} Doublet of caistéal Head templates: {{head|ga|noun|genitive singular|caisil|||||||nominative plural|caisil|||||cat2=|f1request=1|f4request=1|g=m|g2=|g3=|head=}} caiseal m (genitive singular caisil, nominative plural caisil), {{ga-noun|m|caisil|caisil}} caiseal m (genitive singular caisil, nominative plural caisil) Inflection templates: {{ga-decl-m1|c|aiseal|aisil}}, {{ga-mut}} Forms: caisil [genitive, singular], caisil [nominative, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], caiseal [indefinite, nominative, singular], caisil [indefinite, nominative, plural], a chaisil [indefinite, singular, vocative], a chaiseala [indefinite, plural, vocative], caisil [genitive, indefinite, singular], caiseal [genitive, indefinite, plural], caiseal [dative, indefinite, singular], caisil [dative, indefinite, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], an caiseal [definite, nominative, singular], na caisil [definite, nominative, plural], an chaisil [definite, genitive, singular], na gcaiseal [definite, genitive, plural], leis an gcaiseal [dative, definite, singular], don chaiseal [dative, definite, singular], leis na caisil [dative, definite, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], caiseal [mutation, mutation-radical], chaiseal [lenition, mutation], gcaiseal [eclipsis, mutation]
  1. (ancient) stone fort Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-rWctETX7
  2. unmortared stone wall Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-~dq~jRZ~
  3. boundary wall (of church, cemetery) Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-a7C~ZkWY
  4. ‘clamp’, built-up sods, on stack of turf Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-wk9IIzpv
  5. (chess) rook, castle Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Chess, Chess
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-G5a21Oft Disambiguation of Chess: 2 11 5 5 45 4 28 Topics: board-games, chess, games
  6. (architecture, of column) cincture Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Architecture
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-tvstEyVN Topics: architecture
  7. spinning top Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-caiseal-ga-noun-mKJpGlTA Categories (other): Irish entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Irish entries with incorrect language header: 2 18 9 3 10 3 55
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: An Caiseal (english: Cashel, County Mayo), Caiseal (english: Cashel, County Tipperary), caiseal tosaigh (english: forecastle), caiseal uchta (english: breastwork), caisealach (english: castellated) [adjective], caisealta (english: walled, fortified) [adjective], caisleán (english: castle; mansion; cumulus), caisligh (english: castle) [transitive] Related terms: , banríon, easpag, ridire, ceithearnach, fichillín

Download JSON data for caiseal meaning in Irish (6.8kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "Cashel, County Mayo",
      "word": "An Caiseal"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "Cashel, County Tipperary",
      "word": "Caiseal"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "forecastle",
      "word": "caiseal tosaigh"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "breastwork",
      "word": "caiseal uchta"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "castellated",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ],
      "word": "caisealach"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "walled, fortified",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ],
      "word": "caisealta"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "castle; mansion; cumulus",
      "word": "caisleán"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "castle",
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "word": "caisligh"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "cashel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: cashel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: cashel"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "caisel"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish caisel",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "castellum"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin castellum",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "caistéal"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of caistéal",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish caisel, from Latin castellum. Doublet of caistéal.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-m1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a chaisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a chaiseala",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-m1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "an caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "an chaisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na gcaiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis an gcaiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "don chaiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis na caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "chaiseal",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gcaiseal",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "eclipsis",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "nominative plural",
        "12": "caisil",
        "13": "",
        "14": "",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "genitive singular",
        "4": "caisil",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "f1request": "1",
        "f4request": "1",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "caiseal m (genitive singular caisil, nominative plural caisil)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "caisil",
        "3": "caisil"
      },
      "expansion": "caiseal m (genitive singular caisil, nominative plural caisil)",
      "name": "ga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "c",
        "2": "aiseal",
        "3": "aisil"
      },
      "name": "ga-decl-m1"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "ga-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Irish",
  "lang_code": "ga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rí"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "banríon"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "easpag"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ridire"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ceithearnach"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fichillín"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "stone fort"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-rWctETX7",
      "links": [
        [
          "stone",
          "stone"
        ],
        [
          "fort",
          "fort"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "ancient",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ancient) stone fort"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "unmortared stone wall"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-~dq~jRZ~",
      "links": [
        [
          "wall",
          "wall"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "boundary wall (of church, cemetery)"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-a7C~ZkWY",
      "links": [
        [
          "boundary",
          "boundary"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "‘clamp’, built-up sods, on stack of turf"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-wk9IIzpv",
      "links": [
        [
          "clamp",
          "clamp"
        ],
        [
          "sod",
          "sod"
        ],
        [
          "turf",
          "turf"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ga",
          "name": "Chess",
          "orig": "ga:Chess",
          "parents": [
            "Board games",
            "Tabletop games",
            "Games",
            "Recreation",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 11 5 5 45 4 28",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ga",
          "name": "Chess",
          "orig": "ga:Chess",
          "parents": [
            "Board games",
            "Tabletop games",
            "Games",
            "Recreation",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "rook, castle"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-G5a21Oft",
      "links": [
        [
          "chess",
          "chess"
        ],
        [
          "rook",
          "rook"
        ],
        [
          "castle",
          "castle"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chess) rook, castle"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "board-games",
        "chess",
        "games"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ga",
          "name": "Architecture",
          "orig": "ga:Architecture",
          "parents": [
            "Applied sciences",
            "Art",
            "Sciences",
            "Culture",
            "All topics",
            "Society",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "cincture"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-tvstEyVN",
      "links": [
        [
          "architecture",
          "architecture"
        ],
        [
          "cincture",
          "cincture"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(architecture, of column) cincture"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of column"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "architecture"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "2 18 9 3 10 3 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "spinning top"
      ],
      "id": "en-caiseal-ga-noun-mKJpGlTA",
      "links": [
        [
          "spinning top",
          "spinning top"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkaʃəl̪ˠ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkaʃəlˠ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "caiseal"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Irish doublets",
    "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Irish first-declension nouns",
    "Irish lemmas",
    "Irish masculine nouns",
    "Irish nouns",
    "Irish terms derived from Latin",
    "Irish terms derived from Old Irish",
    "Irish terms inherited from Old Irish",
    "Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "ga:Chess"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "Cashel, County Mayo",
      "word": "An Caiseal"
    },
    {
      "english": "Cashel, County Tipperary",
      "word": "Caiseal"
    },
    {
      "english": "forecastle",
      "word": "caiseal tosaigh"
    },
    {
      "english": "breastwork",
      "word": "caiseal uchta"
    },
    {
      "english": "castellated",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ],
      "word": "caisealach"
    },
    {
      "english": "walled, fortified",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ],
      "word": "caisealta"
    },
    {
      "english": "castle; mansion; cumulus",
      "word": "caisleán"
    },
    {
      "english": "castle",
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "word": "caisligh"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "cashel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: cashel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: cashel"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "caisel"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish caisel",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "castellum"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin castellum",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "caistéal"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of caistéal",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish caisel, from Latin castellum. Doublet of caistéal.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-m1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a chaisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a chaiseala",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-m1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "an caiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "an chaisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na gcaiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis an gcaiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "don chaiseal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis na caisil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "caiseal",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "chaiseal",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gcaiseal",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "eclipsis",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "nominative plural",
        "12": "caisil",
        "13": "",
        "14": "",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "genitive singular",
        "4": "caisil",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "f1request": "1",
        "f4request": "1",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "caiseal m (genitive singular caisil, nominative plural caisil)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "caisil",
        "3": "caisil"
      },
      "expansion": "caiseal m (genitive singular caisil, nominative plural caisil)",
      "name": "ga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "c",
        "2": "aiseal",
        "3": "aisil"
      },
      "name": "ga-decl-m1"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "ga-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Irish",
  "lang_code": "ga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "rí"
    },
    {
      "word": "banríon"
    },
    {
      "word": "easpag"
    },
    {
      "word": "ridire"
    },
    {
      "word": "ceithearnach"
    },
    {
      "word": "fichillín"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "stone fort"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "stone",
          "stone"
        ],
        [
          "fort",
          "fort"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "ancient",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ancient) stone fort"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "unmortared stone wall"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "wall",
          "wall"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "boundary wall (of church, cemetery)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "boundary",
          "boundary"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "‘clamp’, built-up sods, on stack of turf"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "clamp",
          "clamp"
        ],
        [
          "sod",
          "sod"
        ],
        [
          "turf",
          "turf"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "ga:Chess"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "rook, castle"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "chess",
          "chess"
        ],
        [
          "rook",
          "rook"
        ],
        [
          "castle",
          "castle"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chess) rook, castle"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "board-games",
        "chess",
        "games"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "ga:Architecture"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "cincture"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "architecture",
          "architecture"
        ],
        [
          "cincture",
          "cincture"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(architecture, of column) cincture"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of column"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "architecture"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "spinning top"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "spinning top",
          "spinning top"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkaʃəl̪ˠ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkaʃəlˠ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "caiseal"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.