"bróg" meaning in Irish

See bróg in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /bˠɾˠoːɡ/ [Connacht, Munster], /bˠɾˠɔːɡ/ [Ulster]
Etymology: From Old Irish bróc, from Old Norse brók (“breeches”). Cognate with Manx braag and Scottish Gaelic bròg. Etymology templates: {{inh|ga|sga|bróc}} Old Irish bróc, {{der|ga|non|brók|t=breeches}} Old Norse brók (“breeches”), {{cog|gv|braag}} Manx braag, {{cog|gd|bròg}} Scottish Gaelic bròg Head templates: {{head|ga|noun|genitive singular|bróige|||||||nominative plural|bróga|||||cat2=|f1request=1|f4request=1|g=f|g2=|g3=|head=}} bróg f (genitive singular bróige, nominative plural bróga), {{ga-noun|f|bróige|~a}} bróg f (genitive singular bróige, nominative plural bróga) Inflection templates: {{ga-decl-f2|b|róg|róige|dat=róig|datoc=s}}, {{ga-mut}} Forms: bróige [genitive, singular], bróga [nominative, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], bróg [indefinite, nominative, singular], bróga [indefinite, nominative, plural], a bhróg [indefinite, singular, vocative], a bhróga [indefinite, plural, vocative], bróige [genitive, indefinite, singular], bróg [genitive, indefinite, plural], bróig [dative, indefinite, singular], bróga [dative, indefinite, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], an bhróg [definite, nominative, singular], na bróga [definite, nominative, plural], na bróige [definite, genitive, singular], na mbróg [definite, genitive, plural], leis an mbróig [dative, definite, singular], don bhróig [dative, definite, singular], leis na bróga [dative, definite, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], bróg [mutation, mutation-radical], bhróg [lenition, mutation], mbróg [eclipsis, mutation]
  1. boot, shoe Tags: feminine Categories (topical): Footwear Synonyms: bróig [Cois-Fharraige]
    Sense id: en-bróg-ga-noun-4xj7tOpu Categories (other): Irish entries with incorrect language header Derived forms: bróg adhmaid (english: clog), bróg ard (english: boot), bróg íseal (english: shoe), bróg mhaide (english: clog), bróg spící (english: spiked shoes), bróg úrleathair (english: pampootie), bróga cnaipí (english: buttoned shoes, button-boots), bróga damhsa (english: dancing-shoes), bróga éadroma (english: light shoes), bróga gréasaí (english: hand-made boots), bróga iallacha (english: laced shoes, boots), bróga peile (english: football boots), bróga sneachta (english: snow-shoes), bróga tairní (english: heavy, hobnailed, boots), bróga troma (english: heavy, hobnailed, boots), brógchrann (english: boot-tree), brógstrapa (english: bootstrap), iall bróige (english: bootlace, shoe-lace), leathar bróg (english: shoe-leather), scuab bhróg (english: shoe-brush)

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for bróg meaning in Irish (5.6kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "brogue",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: brogue",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: brogue"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "brogue",
            "alts": "1",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Yola: brogue, brough",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Yola: brogue, brough"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "bróc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish bróc",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "brók",
        "t": "breeches"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse brók (“breeches”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gv",
        "2": "braag"
      },
      "expansion": "Manx braag",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "bròg"
      },
      "expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bròg",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish bróc, from Old Norse brók (“breeches”). Cognate with Manx braag and Scottish Gaelic bròg.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "bróige",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróga",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-f2",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a bhróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a bhróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróige",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróig",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-f2",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "an bhróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na bróige",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na mbróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis an mbróig",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "don bhróig",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis na bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróg",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bhróg",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mbróg",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "eclipsis",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "nominative plural",
        "12": "bróga",
        "13": "",
        "14": "",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "genitive singular",
        "4": "bróige",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "f1request": "1",
        "f4request": "1",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "bróg f (genitive singular bróige, nominative plural bróga)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "bróige",
        "3": "~a"
      },
      "expansion": "bróg f (genitive singular bróige, nominative plural bróga)",
      "name": "ga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "b",
        "2": "róg",
        "3": "róige",
        "dat": "róig",
        "datoc": "s"
      },
      "name": "ga-decl-f2"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "ga-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Irish",
  "lang_code": "ga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ga",
          "name": "Footwear",
          "orig": "ga:Footwear",
          "parents": [
            "Clothing",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "english": "clog",
          "word": "bróg adhmaid"
        },
        {
          "english": "boot",
          "word": "bróg ard"
        },
        {
          "english": "shoe",
          "word": "bróg íseal"
        },
        {
          "english": "clog",
          "word": "bróg mhaide"
        },
        {
          "english": "spiked shoes",
          "word": "bróg spící"
        },
        {
          "english": "pampootie",
          "word": "bróg úrleathair"
        },
        {
          "english": "buttoned shoes, button-boots",
          "word": "bróga cnaipí"
        },
        {
          "english": "dancing-shoes",
          "word": "bróga damhsa"
        },
        {
          "english": "light shoes",
          "word": "bróga éadroma"
        },
        {
          "english": "hand-made boots",
          "word": "bróga gréasaí"
        },
        {
          "english": "laced shoes, boots",
          "word": "bróga iallacha"
        },
        {
          "english": "football boots",
          "word": "bróga peile"
        },
        {
          "english": "snow-shoes",
          "word": "bróga sneachta"
        },
        {
          "english": "heavy, hobnailed, boots",
          "word": "bróga tairní"
        },
        {
          "english": "heavy, hobnailed, boots",
          "word": "bróga troma"
        },
        {
          "english": "boot-tree",
          "word": "brógchrann"
        },
        {
          "english": "bootstrap",
          "word": "brógstrapa"
        },
        {
          "english": "bootlace, shoe-lace",
          "word": "iall bróige"
        },
        {
          "english": "shoe-leather",
          "word": "leathar bróg"
        },
        {
          "english": "shoe-brush",
          "word": "scuab bhróg"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "boot, shoe"
      ],
      "id": "en-bróg-ga-noun-4xj7tOpu",
      "links": [
        [
          "boot",
          "boot"
        ],
        [
          "shoe",
          "shoe"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cois-Fharraige"
          ],
          "word": "bróig"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/bˠɾˠoːɡ/",
      "tags": [
        "Connacht",
        "Munster"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bˠɾˠɔːɡ/",
      "tags": [
        "Ulster"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "bróg"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "pl:Agriculture",
    "pl:Buildings and structures"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "clog",
      "word": "bróg adhmaid"
    },
    {
      "english": "boot",
      "word": "bróg ard"
    },
    {
      "english": "shoe",
      "word": "bróg íseal"
    },
    {
      "english": "clog",
      "word": "bróg mhaide"
    },
    {
      "english": "spiked shoes",
      "word": "bróg spící"
    },
    {
      "english": "pampootie",
      "word": "bróg úrleathair"
    },
    {
      "english": "buttoned shoes, button-boots",
      "word": "bróga cnaipí"
    },
    {
      "english": "dancing-shoes",
      "word": "bróga damhsa"
    },
    {
      "english": "light shoes",
      "word": "bróga éadroma"
    },
    {
      "english": "hand-made boots",
      "word": "bróga gréasaí"
    },
    {
      "english": "laced shoes, boots",
      "word": "bróga iallacha"
    },
    {
      "english": "football boots",
      "word": "bróga peile"
    },
    {
      "english": "snow-shoes",
      "word": "bróga sneachta"
    },
    {
      "english": "heavy, hobnailed, boots",
      "word": "bróga tairní"
    },
    {
      "english": "heavy, hobnailed, boots",
      "word": "bróga troma"
    },
    {
      "english": "boot-tree",
      "word": "brógchrann"
    },
    {
      "english": "bootstrap",
      "word": "brógstrapa"
    },
    {
      "english": "bootlace, shoe-lace",
      "word": "iall bróige"
    },
    {
      "english": "shoe-leather",
      "word": "leathar bróg"
    },
    {
      "english": "shoe-brush",
      "word": "scuab bhróg"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "brogue",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: brogue",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: brogue"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "brogue",
            "alts": "1",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Yola: brogue, brough",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Yola: brogue, brough"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "sga",
        "3": "bróc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish bróc",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "brók",
        "t": "breeches"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse brók (“breeches”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gv",
        "2": "braag"
      },
      "expansion": "Manx braag",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "bròg"
      },
      "expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bròg",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Irish bróc, from Old Norse brók (“breeches”). Cognate with Manx braag and Scottish Gaelic bròg.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "bróige",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróga",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-f2",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a bhróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a bhróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróige",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróig",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-decl-f2",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "an bhróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na bróige",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "na mbróg",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis an mbróig",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "don bhróig",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "leis na bróga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ga-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bróg",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bhróg",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mbróg",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "eclipsis",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "nominative plural",
        "12": "bróga",
        "13": "",
        "14": "",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "genitive singular",
        "4": "bróige",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "f1request": "1",
        "f4request": "1",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "bróg f (genitive singular bróige, nominative plural bróga)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "bróige",
        "3": "~a"
      },
      "expansion": "bróg f (genitive singular bróige, nominative plural bróga)",
      "name": "ga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "b",
        "2": "róg",
        "3": "róige",
        "dat": "róig",
        "datoc": "s"
      },
      "name": "ga-decl-f2"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "ga-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Irish",
  "lang_code": "ga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
        "Irish feminine nouns",
        "Irish lemmas",
        "Irish nouns",
        "Irish second-declension nouns",
        "Irish terms derived from Old Irish",
        "Irish terms derived from Old Norse",
        "Irish terms inherited from Old Irish",
        "Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "ga:Footwear"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "boot, shoe"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "boot",
          "boot"
        ],
        [
          "shoe",
          "shoe"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/bˠɾˠoːɡ/",
      "tags": [
        "Connacht",
        "Munster"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bˠɾˠɔːɡ/",
      "tags": [
        "Ulster"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cois-Fharraige"
      ],
      "word": "bróig"
    }
  ],
  "word": "bróg"
}
{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Nominative",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Vocative",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Genitive",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Dative",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Bare forms",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Nominative",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Genitive",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Dative",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Irish]; cleaned text: Forms with the definite article",
  "path": [
    "bróg"
  ],
  "section": "Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "bróg",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.