"surveiller" meaning in French

See surveiller in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /syʁ.vɛ.je/, /syʁ.ve.je/ Audio: Fr-surveiller.ogg
Etymology: Inherited from Old French surveillier. By surface analysis, sur- + veiller, corresponding to Latin super (“on top of”) + vigilō (“to watch”). Cognate with English surveil. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|fro|surveillier|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old French surveillier, {{inh+|fr|fro|surveillier}} Inherited from Old French surveillier, {{surf|fr|sur-|veiller}} By surface analysis, sur- + veiller, {{der|fr|la|super||on top of}} Latin super (“on top of”), {{m|la|vigilō||to watch}} vigilō (“to watch”), {{cog|en|surveil}} English surveil Head templates: {{fr-verb}} surveiller Inflection templates: {{fr-conj-auto}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], surveiller [infinitive], avoir + past participle [infinitive, multiword-construction], surveillant [gerund, participle, present], surveillant [gerund, participle, present], ayant + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present], surveillé [participle, past], surveillé [participle, past], surveille [first-person, indicative, present, singular], surveilles [indicative, present, second-person, singular], surveille [indicative, present, singular, third-person], surveillons [first-person, indicative, plural, present], surveillons [first-person, indicative, plural, present], surveillez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], surveillez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], surveillent [indicative, plural, present, third-person], surveillais [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], surveillais [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], surveillais [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], surveillais [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], surveillait [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], surveillait [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], surveillions [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], surveilliez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], surveillaient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], surveillaient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], surveillai [first-person, historic, indicative, past, singular], surveillai [first-person, historic, indicative, past, singular], surveillas [historic, indicative, past, second-person, singular], surveillas [historic, indicative, past, second-person, singular], surveilla [historic, indicative, past, singular, third-person], surveilla [historic, indicative, past, singular, third-person], surveillâmes [first-person, historic, indicative, past, plural], surveillâmes [first-person, historic, indicative, past, plural], surveillâtes [historic, indicative, past, plural, second-person], surveillâtes [historic, indicative, past, plural, second-person], surveillèrent [historic, indicative, past, plural, third-person], surveillèrent [historic, indicative, past, plural, third-person], surveillerai [first-person, future, indicative, singular], surveilleras [future, indicative, second-person, singular], surveillera [future, indicative, singular, third-person], surveillerons [first-person, future, indicative, plural], surveillerez [future, indicative, plural, second-person], surveilleront [future, indicative, plural, third-person], surveillerais [conditional, first-person, singular], surveillerais [conditional, second-person, singular], surveillerait [conditional, singular, third-person], surveillerions [conditional, first-person, plural], surveillerions [conditional, first-person, plural], surveilleriez [conditional, plural, second-person], surveilleriez [conditional, plural, second-person], surveilleraient [conditional, plural, third-person], present indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present], imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect], past historic of avoir + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past], future of avoir + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect], conditional of avoir + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect], surveille [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], surveilles [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], surveille [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], surveillions [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], surveilliez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], surveillent [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], surveillasse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], surveillasse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], surveillasses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], surveillasses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], surveillât [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], surveillât [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], surveillassions [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], surveillassions [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], surveillassiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], surveillassiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], surveillassent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], surveillassent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, past, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, subjunctive], surveille [imperative, second-person, singular], surveillons [first-person, imperative, plural], surveillons [first-person, imperative, plural], surveillez [imperative, plural, second-person], surveillez [imperative, plural, second-person], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, second-person, singular], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [first-person, imperative, multiword-construction, plural], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, plural, second-person]
  1. (espionage) to monitor, to survey, to watch Categories (topical): Espionage Derived forms: devoir surveillé, résidence surveillée, surveiller comme le lait sur le feu Related terms: surveillance, veiller, éveiller, réveiller
    Sense id: en-surveiller-fr-verb-Lqn0ikHD Categories (other): French entries with incorrect language header, French terms prefixed with sur-, French verbs with conjugation -er Topics: espionage, government, military, politics, war

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for surveiller meaning in French (14.3kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surveillier",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old French surveillier",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surveillier"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old French surveillier",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "sur-",
        "3": "veiller"
      },
      "expansion": "By surface analysis, sur- + veiller",
      "name": "surf"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "super",
        "4": "",
        "5": "on top of"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin super (“on top of”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "vigilō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to watch"
      },
      "expansion": "vigilō (“to watch”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "surveil"
      },
      "expansion": "English surveil",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old French surveillier. By surface analysis, sur- + veiller, corresponding to Latin super (“on top of”) + vigilō (“to watch”). Cognate with English surveil.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveiller",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
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    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
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    },
    {
      "form": "surveillant",
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      "source": "conjugation",
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    {
      "form": "surveillant",
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      "source": "conjugation",
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      ]
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    {
      "form": "surveillé",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillé",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
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        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilles",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillait",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillait",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilliez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillaient",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillaient",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillai",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillai",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillas",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillas",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilla",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilla",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâmes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jam/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâmes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jam/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâtes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jat/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâtes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jat/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillèrent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillèrent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerai",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleras",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillera",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleront",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerait",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jə.ʁjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jə.ʁjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleriez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jə.ʁje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleriez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jə.ʁje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleraient",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilles",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilliez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasse",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasse",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasses",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasses",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillât",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillât",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassiez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassiez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surveiller",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French terms prefixed with sur-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French verbs with conjugation -er",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "fr",
          "name": "Espionage",
          "orig": "fr:Espionage",
          "parents": [
            "Deception",
            "Secrecy",
            "Security",
            "Ethics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Society",
            "Philosophy",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "devoir surveillé"
        },
        {
          "word": "résidence surveillée"
        },
        {
          "word": "surveiller comme le lait sur le feu"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to monitor, to survey, to watch"
      ],
      "id": "en-surveiller-fr-verb-Lqn0ikHD",
      "links": [
        [
          "espionage",
          "espionage"
        ],
        [
          "monitor",
          "monitor"
        ],
        [
          "survey",
          "survey"
        ],
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(espionage) to monitor, to survey, to watch"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "surveillance"
        },
        {
          "word": "veiller"
        },
        {
          "word": "éveiller"
        },
        {
          "word": "réveiller"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "espionage",
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-surveiller.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Fr-surveiller.ogg/Fr-surveiller.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Fr-surveiller.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surveiller"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "devoir surveillé"
    },
    {
      "word": "résidence surveillée"
    },
    {
      "word": "surveiller comme le lait sur le feu"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surveillier",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old French surveillier",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surveillier"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old French surveillier",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "sur-",
        "3": "veiller"
      },
      "expansion": "By surface analysis, sur- + veiller",
      "name": "surf"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "super",
        "4": "",
        "5": "on top of"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin super (“on top of”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "vigilō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to watch"
      },
      "expansion": "vigilō (“to watch”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "surveil"
      },
      "expansion": "English surveil",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old French surveillier. By surface analysis, sur- + veiller, corresponding to Latin super (“on top of”) + vigilō (“to watch”). Cognate with English surveil.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveiller",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillant",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillant",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ayant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillé",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillé",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilles",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillait",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillait",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilliez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillaient",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillaient",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillai",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillai",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillas",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillas",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilla",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilla",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâmes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jam/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâmes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jam/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâtes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jat/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillâtes",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jat/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillèrent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɛʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillèrent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɛʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerai",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleras",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillera",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleront",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerais",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerait",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jə.ʁjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillerions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jə.ʁjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleriez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jə.ʁje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleriez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jə.ʁje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilleraient",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilles",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveilliez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasse",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasse",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasses",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillasses",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillât",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillât",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassions",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassiez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.ja.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassiez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.ja.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillassent",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveille",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛj/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillons",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surveillez",
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surveiller",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "surveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "veiller"
    },
    {
      "word": "éveiller"
    },
    {
      "word": "réveiller"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French 3-syllable words",
        "French entries with incorrect language header",
        "French first group verbs",
        "French lemmas",
        "French terms derived from Latin",
        "French terms derived from Old French",
        "French terms inherited from Old French",
        "French terms prefixed with sur-",
        "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "French terms with audio links",
        "French verbs",
        "French verbs with conjugation -er",
        "fr:Espionage"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to monitor, to survey, to watch"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "espionage",
          "espionage"
        ],
        [
          "monitor",
          "monitor"
        ],
        [
          "survey",
          "survey"
        ],
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(espionage) to monitor, to survey, to watch"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "espionage",
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.je/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.je/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-surveiller.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Fr-surveiller.ogg/Fr-surveiller.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Fr-surveiller.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surveiller"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.