"roke" meaning in English

See roke in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ɹəʊk/ Forms: rokes [plural]
Rhymes: -əʊk Etymology: From Middle English roke (“fog, vapour, cloud”), probably from Old Norse roka ("whirlwind, fine spray"; compare Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”)), reinforced later by Middle Dutch roke, rooc (“smoke”), from Old Dutch rouc (“steam, vapour”), from Proto-Germanic *raukiz (“smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”), from *rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”). Cognate with Scots rok, roik, rouk (“mist, fog, cloud”), Dutch rook (“smoke, fog”), German Rauch (“smoke, fume”), Swedish rök (“smoke, fume, steam, reek”), West Frisian reek, riik (“smoke, fume”). More at reek. Compare dialectal rawk, which is related, and rag (“fog”) (see raggy (“foggy”)), which may or may not be. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|roke||fog, vapour, cloud}} Middle English roke (“fog, vapour, cloud”), {{der|en|non|roka}} Old Norse roka, {{cog|non|særoka|t=seaspray}} Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”), {{gloss|"whirlwind, fine spray"; compare Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">særoka</i> (“seaspray”)}} ("whirlwind, fine spray"; compare Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”)), {{der|en|dum|roke}} Middle Dutch roke, {{m|dum|rooc||smoke}} rooc (“smoke”), {{der|en|odt|rouc||steam, vapour}} Old Dutch rouc (“steam, vapour”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*raukiz||smoke}} Proto-Germanic *raukiz (“smoke”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*rewg-||to erupt, vomit, burp}} Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”), {{m|ine-pro|*rew-||to roar, growl, grumble}} *rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”), {{cog|sco|rok}} Scots rok, {{m|sco|roik}} roik, {{m|sco|rouk||mist, fog, cloud}} rouk (“mist, fog, cloud”), {{cog|nl|rook||smoke, fog}} Dutch rook (“smoke, fog”), {{cog|de|Rauch||smoke, fume}} German Rauch (“smoke, fume”), {{cog|sv|rök||smoke, fume, steam, reek}} Swedish rök (“smoke, fume, steam, reek”), {{cog|fy|reek}} West Frisian reek, {{m|fy|riik||smoke, fume}} riik (“smoke, fume”), {{m|en|reek}} reek, {{m|en|rawk}} rawk, {{m|en|rag||fog}} rag (“fog”), {{m|en|raggy||foggy}} raggy (“foggy”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} roke (plural rokes)
  1. (UK, dialect) Mist; smoke; damp. Tags: UK, dialectal
    Sense id: en-roke-en-noun-SNX8dnql Categories (other): British English
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: roak, rook, rouk
Etymology number: 1

Noun

IPA: /ɹəʊk/ Forms: rokes [plural]
Rhymes: -əʊk Etymology: Unclear; perhaps related to dialect rauk, rawk, a northern English dialectal word for a mark, including e.g. a defect on cloth. Head templates: {{en-noun}} roke (plural rokes)
  1. A defect in an ingot of steel: a depression lined with scale.
    Sense id: en-roke-en-noun-XNLLevXB
  2. (UK, dialect, mining) A measurement of coal ore. Tags: UK, dialectal Categories (topical): Mining
    Sense id: en-roke-en-noun-DvEbNAHt Categories (other): British English Topics: business, mining
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: roak, rook, rouk Related terms: roky
Etymology number: 2

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for roke meaning in English (6.9kB)

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "roke",
        "4": "",
        "5": "fog, vapour, cloud"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English roke (“fog, vapour, cloud”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "roka"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse roka",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "særoka",
        "t": "seaspray"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "\"whirlwind, fine spray\"; compare Old Norse <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"non\">særoka</i> (“seaspray”)"
      },
      "expansion": "(\"whirlwind, fine spray\"; compare Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”))",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "dum",
        "3": "roke"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Dutch roke",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "rooc",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke"
      },
      "expansion": "rooc (“smoke”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "rouc",
        "4": "",
        "5": "steam, vapour"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch rouc (“steam, vapour”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*raukiz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "smoke"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *raukiz (“smoke”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*rewg-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to erupt, vomit, burp"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*rew-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to roar, growl, grumble"
      },
      "expansion": "*rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "rok"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots rok",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "roik"
      },
      "expansion": "roik",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "rouk",
        "3": "",
        "4": "mist, fog, cloud"
      },
      "expansion": "rouk (“mist, fog, cloud”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "rook",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fog"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch rook (“smoke, fog”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Rauch",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fume"
      },
      "expansion": "German Rauch (“smoke, fume”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "rök",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fume, steam, reek"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish rök (“smoke, fume, steam, reek”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "reek"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian reek",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "riik",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fume"
      },
      "expansion": "riik (“smoke, fume”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "reek"
      },
      "expansion": "reek",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "rawk"
      },
      "expansion": "rawk",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "rag",
        "3": "",
        "4": "fog"
      },
      "expansion": "rag (“fog”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "raggy",
        "3": "",
        "4": "foggy"
      },
      "expansion": "raggy (“foggy”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English roke (“fog, vapour, cloud”), probably from Old Norse roka (\"whirlwind, fine spray\"; compare Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”)), reinforced later by Middle Dutch roke, rooc (“smoke”), from Old Dutch rouc (“steam, vapour”), from Proto-Germanic *raukiz (“smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”), from *rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”). Cognate with Scots rok, roik, rouk (“mist, fog, cloud”), Dutch rook (“smoke, fog”), German Rauch (“smoke, fume”), Swedish rök (“smoke, fume, steam, reek”), West Frisian reek, riik (“smoke, fume”). More at reek. Compare dialectal rawk, which is related, and rag (“fog”) (see raggy (“foggy”)), which may or may not be.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rokes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "roke (plural rokes)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Mist; smoke; damp."
      ],
      "id": "en-roke-en-noun-SNX8dnql",
      "links": [
        [
          "Mist",
          "mist"
        ],
        [
          "smoke",
          "smoke"
        ],
        [
          "damp",
          "damp"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(UK, dialect) Mist; smoke; damp."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹəʊk/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "roak"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rook"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rouk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "roke"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [],
  "etymology_text": "Unclear; perhaps related to dialect rauk, rawk, a northern English dialectal word for a mark, including e.g. a defect on cloth.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rokes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "roke (plural rokes)",
      "name": "en-noun"
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "roky"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1921, Iron & Coal Trades Review, volume 103, page 337",
          "text": "It was found by examination of numerous sections of roky shell that it was not possible to estimate the extent of a roke by its appearance on the surface. The filing of a groove across the roke gives some […] indication as to its depth, […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A defect in an ingot of steel: a depression lined with scale."
      ],
      "id": "en-roke-en-noun-XNLLevXB",
      "links": [
        [
          "defect",
          "defect"
        ],
        [
          "scale",
          "scale"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Mining",
          "orig": "en:Mining",
          "parents": [
            "Industries",
            "Business",
            "Economics",
            "Society",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1889, “Action for Breach of a Custom observed in delivering Coal at Wollaton Pit, 1549, April 1”, in Records of the Borough of Nottingham: 1547-1625, page 11",
          "text": "of which custom the aforesaid John Parlby being not in the least ignorant, on the 20th day of Jun, in the second year of the reign of our Lord the present King, at the same pit, received and had a whole roke of coals, value 18d., by the delivery of the said Richard, together with a sign for one whole roke, according to the custom aforesaid;",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1907, William Page, The Victoria History of the County of Derby - Volume 2, page 351",
          "text": "In 1450 certain lands at Codnor were exchanged subject to the condition that one of the parites should receive yearly three roke of coal if any 'myne of cole' were got.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1924, The Mining Engineer - Volumes 66-67, page 226",
          "text": "Account of coal getting, from 13 February to 24 December, 17 Henry VIII., giving the quantity got by each collier week by week, in the following form: “ L. Lambe gatt xiii roke",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A measurement of coal ore."
      ],
      "id": "en-roke-en-noun-DvEbNAHt",
      "links": [
        [
          "mining",
          "mining#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(UK, dialect, mining) A measurement of coal ore."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "business",
        "mining"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹəʊk/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "roak"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rook"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rouk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "roke"
}
{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "roke",
        "4": "",
        "5": "fog, vapour, cloud"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English roke (“fog, vapour, cloud”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
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      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse roka",
      "name": "der"
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    {
      "args": {
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      },
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      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "\"whirlwind, fine spray\"; compare Old Norse <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"non\">særoka</i> (“seaspray”)"
      },
      "expansion": "(\"whirlwind, fine spray\"; compare Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”))",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "dum",
        "3": "roke"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Dutch roke",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "rooc",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke"
      },
      "expansion": "rooc (“smoke”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "rouc",
        "4": "",
        "5": "steam, vapour"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch rouc (“steam, vapour”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*raukiz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "smoke"
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      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *raukiz (“smoke”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*rewg-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to erupt, vomit, burp"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*rew-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to roar, growl, grumble"
      },
      "expansion": "*rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
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        "1": "sco",
        "2": "rok"
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      "expansion": "Scots rok",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "roik"
      },
      "expansion": "roik",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "rouk",
        "3": "",
        "4": "mist, fog, cloud"
      },
      "expansion": "rouk (“mist, fog, cloud”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "rook",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fog"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch rook (“smoke, fog”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Rauch",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fume"
      },
      "expansion": "German Rauch (“smoke, fume”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "rök",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fume, steam, reek"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish rök (“smoke, fume, steam, reek”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "reek"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian reek",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "riik",
        "3": "",
        "4": "smoke, fume"
      },
      "expansion": "riik (“smoke, fume”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "reek"
      },
      "expansion": "reek",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "rawk"
      },
      "expansion": "rawk",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "rag",
        "3": "",
        "4": "fog"
      },
      "expansion": "rag (“fog”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "raggy",
        "3": "",
        "4": "foggy"
      },
      "expansion": "raggy (“foggy”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English roke (“fog, vapour, cloud”), probably from Old Norse roka (\"whirlwind, fine spray\"; compare Old Norse særoka (“seaspray”)), reinforced later by Middle Dutch roke, rooc (“smoke”), from Old Dutch rouc (“steam, vapour”), from Proto-Germanic *raukiz (“smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”), from *rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”). Cognate with Scots rok, roik, rouk (“mist, fog, cloud”), Dutch rook (“smoke, fog”), German Rauch (“smoke, fume”), Swedish rök (“smoke, fume, steam, reek”), West Frisian reek, riik (“smoke, fume”). More at reek. Compare dialectal rawk, which is related, and rag (“fog”) (see raggy (“foggy”)), which may or may not be.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rokes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
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    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "roke (plural rokes)",
      "name": "en-noun"
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Mist; smoke; damp."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Mist",
          "mist"
        ],
        [
          "smoke",
          "smoke"
        ],
        [
          "damp",
          "damp"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(UK, dialect) Mist; smoke; damp."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹəʊk/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "roak"
    },
    {
      "word": "rook"
    },
    {
      "word": "rouk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "roke"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [],
  "etymology_text": "Unclear; perhaps related to dialect rauk, rawk, a northern English dialectal word for a mark, including e.g. a defect on cloth.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rokes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
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    }
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "roky"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1921, Iron & Coal Trades Review, volume 103, page 337",
          "text": "It was found by examination of numerous sections of roky shell that it was not possible to estimate the extent of a roke by its appearance on the surface. The filing of a groove across the roke gives some […] indication as to its depth, […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A defect in an ingot of steel: a depression lined with scale."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "defect",
          "defect"
        ],
        [
          "scale",
          "scale"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Mining"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1889, “Action for Breach of a Custom observed in delivering Coal at Wollaton Pit, 1549, April 1”, in Records of the Borough of Nottingham: 1547-1625, page 11",
          "text": "of which custom the aforesaid John Parlby being not in the least ignorant, on the 20th day of Jun, in the second year of the reign of our Lord the present King, at the same pit, received and had a whole roke of coals, value 18d., by the delivery of the said Richard, together with a sign for one whole roke, according to the custom aforesaid;",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1907, William Page, The Victoria History of the County of Derby - Volume 2, page 351",
          "text": "In 1450 certain lands at Codnor were exchanged subject to the condition that one of the parites should receive yearly three roke of coal if any 'myne of cole' were got.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1924, The Mining Engineer - Volumes 66-67, page 226",
          "text": "Account of coal getting, from 13 February to 24 December, 17 Henry VIII., giving the quantity got by each collier week by week, in the following form: “ L. Lambe gatt xiii roke",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A measurement of coal ore."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "mining",
          "mining#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(UK, dialect, mining) A measurement of coal ore."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "business",
        "mining"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹəʊk/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "roak"
    },
    {
      "word": "rook"
    },
    {
      "word": "rouk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "roke"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-03-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-03-01 using wiktextract (68773ab and 5f6ddbb). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.