"protofascist" meaning in English

See protofascist in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

Forms: proto-fascist [alternative]
Etymology: From proto- + fascist. Etymology templates: {{etymon|en|:af|proto-|fascist|text=+}} [Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "gloss" : "before", "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "toward", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "id" : "fare", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pér", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-o", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pró", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "πρό", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ᾰτος", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "grc", "pos" : "superlative suffix" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "πρῶτος", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "πρωτο-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword" : "lbor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "proto-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }, { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "bundle", "children" : [ ], "status" : "missing", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "fascis", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Italian", "term" : "fascio", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "it" }, { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "agent nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "verbal", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-id-", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yéti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-idyéti", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*-íďďō", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ῐ́ζω", "lang" : "grc" }, { "id" : "agent nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "agent nouns", "children" : [ ], "status" : "redlink", "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*-tās", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-τής", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ῐστής", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ista", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Italian", "term" : "-ista", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "it" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Italian", "term" : "fascista", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "it" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "fascist", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "protofascist", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="protofascist"> From proto- + fascist. Head templates: {{en-adj|-}} protofascist (not comparable)
  1. (politics) Showing the beginnings of fascism. Tags: not-comparable Hypernyms: prefascist
    Sense id: en-protofascist-en-adj-MKq~b3~O Categories (other): Politics, English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymon, English terms prefixed with proto-, Fascism Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 32 39 29 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 32 39 30 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with proto-: 36 35 30 Disambiguation of Fascism: 42 30 28 Topics: government, politics

Noun

Forms: protofascists [plural], proto-fascist [alternative]
Etymology: From proto- + fascist. Etymology templates: {{etymon|en|:af|proto-|fascist|text=+}} [Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "gloss" : "before", "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "toward", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "id" : "fare", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pér", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-o", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*pró", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "πρό", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ᾰτος", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "grc", "pos" : "superlative suffix" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "πρῶτος", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "πρωτο-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword" : "lbor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "proto-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }, { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "bundle", "children" : [ ], "status" : "missing", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "fascis", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Italian", "term" : "fascio", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "it" }, { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "id" : "agent nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "verbal", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-id-", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yéti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-idyéti", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*-íďďō", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ῐ́ζω", "lang" : "grc" }, { "id" : "agent nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "agent nouns", "children" : [ ], "status" : "redlink", "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*-tās", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-τής", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ῐστής", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ista", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Italian", "term" : "-ista", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "it" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Italian", "term" : "fascista", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "it" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "fascist", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "protofascist", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="protofascist"> From proto- + fascist. Head templates: {{en-noun}} protofascist (plural protofascists)
  1. (historical) One whose beliefs resembled fascism before the founding of fascism in 1919. Tags: historical Synonyms: prefascist
    Sense id: en-protofascist-en-noun-GlaCVe2Q Categories (other): English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymon, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms prefixed with proto-, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymon Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 32 39 29 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 32 39 30 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 31 40 29 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with proto-: 36 35 30 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 28 45 27 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 20 46 34 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 29 43 28 Disambiguation of Pages with etymon: 26 50 24
  2. (derogatory) One whose opinions or policies show the beginnings of fascism. Tags: derogatory
    Sense id: en-protofascist-en-noun-SQ15iXBo Categories (other): English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymon, English terms prefixed with proto- Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 32 39 29 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 32 39 30 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with proto-: 36 35 30

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "proto-",
        "4": "fascist",
        "text": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"toward\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"fare\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pér\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pró\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρό\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ᾰτος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"superlative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρῶτος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρωτο-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bundle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"fascis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascio\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-tās\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-τής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐστής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"fascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"protofascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"protofascist\">\nFrom proto- + fascist.",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From proto- + fascist.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "proto-fascist",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "protofascist (not comparable)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "attestations": [
        {
          "date": "20th c.",
          "references": []
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Politics",
          "orig": "en:Politics",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 39 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 39 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 35 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms prefixed with proto-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 30 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Fascism",
          "orig": "en:Fascism",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              24,
              36
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1991 August 9, Jack Helbig, “Marie and Bruce”, in Chicago Reader:",
          "text": "Even Lemon, for all her protofascist beliefs, wins our sympathy.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              27,
              39
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2008 April 7, Adolph Reed Jr., The Nation, archived from the original on 18 Mar 2009:",
          "text": "When Newt Gingrich and his protofascist comrades took over Congress in 1994, they sneeringly boasted that they intended to take the federal government back to the 1920s.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              88,
              100
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2023, Naomi Klein, “The Far Right meets the Far-Out”, in Doppelganger: A Trip into the Mirror World, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:",
          "text": "These logics have been resurgent on the right for years now, evident in the presence of protofascist and authoritarian leaders in Brazil, India, Hungary, the Philippines, Russia, and Turkey, among others.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Showing the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "hypernyms": [
        {
          "word": "prefascist"
        }
      ],
      "id": "en-protofascist-en-adj-MKq~b3~O",
      "links": [
        [
          "politics",
          "politics"
        ],
        [
          "fascism",
          "fascism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(politics) Showing the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "politics"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "protofascist"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "proto-",
        "4": "fascist",
        "text": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"toward\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"fare\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pér\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pró\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρό\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ᾰτος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"superlative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρῶτος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρωτο-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bundle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"fascis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascio\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-tās\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-τής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐστής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"fascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"protofascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"protofascist\">\nFrom proto- + fascist.",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From proto- + fascist.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "protofascists",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "proto-fascist",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "protofascist (plural protofascists)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "attestations": [
        {
          "date": "20th c.",
          "references": []
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "32 39 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 39 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 40 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 35 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms prefixed with proto-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 45 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 46 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 43 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 50 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              47,
              60
            ]
          ],
          "text": "The Social Darwinists are sometimes considered protofascists.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One whose beliefs resembled fascism before the founding of fascism in 1919."
      ],
      "id": "en-protofascist-en-noun-GlaCVe2Q",
      "links": [
        [
          "fascism",
          "fascism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) One whose beliefs resembled fascism before the founding of fascism in 1919."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "prefascist"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "32 39 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 39 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 35 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms prefixed with proto-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              22,
              34
            ]
          ],
          "text": "That congressman is a protofascist.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              151,
              165
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1989 April 30, Martha Bayles, “Taking Sitcoms Seriously”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
          "text": "Along with stereotype-mongering phrases like “redneck America's life in the electronic theme park,” he occasionally reduces his countrymen to mindless proto-fascists.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              78,
              92
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2014 February 5, David Stern, “Ukraine's Forever Revolution”, in James Bennet, editor, The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
          "text": "As a whole, Euromaidan supporters are emphatically not the Ukrainian-speaking proto-fascists they’ve been portrayed as in pro-government and Russian media.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One whose opinions or policies show the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "id": "en-protofascist-en-noun-SQ15iXBo",
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "fascism",
          "fascism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(derogatory) One whose opinions or policies show the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "protofascist"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with etymology texts",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare)",
    "English terms prefixed with proto-",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Requests for audio pronunciation in English entries",
    "Requests for pronunciation in English entries",
    "en:Fascism"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "proto-",
        "4": "fascist",
        "text": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"toward\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"fare\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pér\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pró\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρό\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ᾰτος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"superlative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρῶτος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρωτο-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bundle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"fascis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascio\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-tās\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-τής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐστής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"fascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"protofascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"protofascist\">\nFrom proto- + fascist.",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From proto- + fascist.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "proto-fascist",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "protofascist (not comparable)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "attestations": [
        {
          "date": "20th c.",
          "references": []
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Politics"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              24,
              36
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1991 August 9, Jack Helbig, “Marie and Bruce”, in Chicago Reader:",
          "text": "Even Lemon, for all her protofascist beliefs, wins our sympathy.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              27,
              39
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2008 April 7, Adolph Reed Jr., The Nation, archived from the original on 18 Mar 2009:",
          "text": "When Newt Gingrich and his protofascist comrades took over Congress in 1994, they sneeringly boasted that they intended to take the federal government back to the 1920s.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              88,
              100
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2023, Naomi Klein, “The Far Right meets the Far-Out”, in Doppelganger: A Trip into the Mirror World, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:",
          "text": "These logics have been resurgent on the right for years now, evident in the presence of protofascist and authoritarian leaders in Brazil, India, Hungary, the Philippines, Russia, and Turkey, among others.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Showing the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "hypernyms": [
        {
          "word": "prefascist"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "politics",
          "politics"
        ],
        [
          "fascism",
          "fascism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(politics) Showing the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "politics"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "protofascist"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with etymology texts",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare)",
    "English terms prefixed with proto-",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Requests for audio pronunciation in English entries",
    "Requests for pronunciation in English entries",
    "en:Fascism"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "proto-",
        "4": "fascist",
        "text": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"toward\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"fare\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pér\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pró\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρό\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ᾰτος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"superlative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρῶτος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρωτο-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bundle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"fascis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascio\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-tās\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-τής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐστής\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-ista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"fascista\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"fascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"protofascist\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"protofascist\">\nFrom proto- + fascist.",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From proto- + fascist.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "protofascists",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "proto-fascist",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "protofascist (plural protofascists)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "attestations": [
        {
          "date": "20th c.",
          "references": []
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "English terms with historical senses",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              47,
              60
            ]
          ],
          "text": "The Social Darwinists are sometimes considered protofascists.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One whose beliefs resembled fascism before the founding of fascism in 1919."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fascism",
          "fascism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) One whose beliefs resembled fascism before the founding of fascism in 1919."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "prefascist"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English derogatory terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              22,
              34
            ]
          ],
          "text": "That congressman is a protofascist.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              151,
              165
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1989 April 30, Martha Bayles, “Taking Sitcoms Seriously”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
          "text": "Along with stereotype-mongering phrases like “redneck America's life in the electronic theme park,” he occasionally reduces his countrymen to mindless proto-fascists.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              78,
              92
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2014 February 5, David Stern, “Ukraine's Forever Revolution”, in James Bennet, editor, The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
          "text": "As a whole, Euromaidan supporters are emphatically not the Ukrainian-speaking proto-fascists they’ve been portrayed as in pro-government and Russian media.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One whose opinions or policies show the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "fascism",
          "fascism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(derogatory) One whose opinions or policies show the beginnings of fascism."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "protofascist"
}

Download raw JSONL data for protofascist meaning in English (15.3kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.