"circular state" meaning in English

{
  "etymology_text": "Named after the torus-like shape of the valence electron orbital in these states, which resembles a classical circular orbit.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "circular states",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "circular state (plural circular states)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Physics",
          "orig": "en:Physics",
          "parents": [
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1962 December 4, J.R. Rook, “The decay of K⁻ mesic atoms”, in Nuclear Physics, volume 39, →DOI, page 479",
          "text": "It has been shown ) that the selection rules on the Auger and X-ray transition probabilities tend to populate preferentially the circular states, that is those for which the orbital angular momentum l is given by l#x3D;n-1.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1983 October 17, Randall G. Hulet and Daniel Kleppner, “Rydberg Atoms in \"Circular\" States”, in Physical Review Letters, volume 51, →DOI, page 1430",
          "text": "We report the production of a population of atoms in a Rydberg state with #x7C;m#x7C;#x3D;n-1, where m and n are the magnetic and principal quantum numbers, respectively. We designate these states as \"circular\" because in the classical limit they describe an electron in a circular orbit. Among all the states with a given principal quantum number, the circular states have the largest magnetic moment, smallest Stark effect, and longest radiative lifetime.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2021 August 6, Sam R. Cohen and Jeff D. Thompson, “Quantum Computing with Circular Rydberg Atoms”, in PRX Quantum, volume 2, →DOI, page 030322",
          "text": "So-called circular states with the maximal angular momentum L#x3D;n-1 can have lifetimes exceeding 100 s, 10⁶ times longer than those of low-L states, in appropriately engineered environments.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any of those quantum states of an atom, which has a high principal quantum number n, and a magnetic quantum number m_l with the maximum possible magnitude, |m_l|=n-1."
      ],
      "id": "en-circular_state-en-noun-es-VARw9",
      "links": [
        [
          "physics",
          "physics"
        ],
        [
          "quantum state",
          "quantum state"
        ],
        [
          "atom",
          "atom"
        ],
        [
          "principal quantum number",
          "principal quantum number"
        ],
        [
          "magnetic quantum number",
          "magnetic quantum number"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(physics) Any of those quantum states of an atom, which has a high principal quantum number n, and a magnetic quantum number m_l with the maximum possible magnitude, |m_l|=n-1."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences",
        "physics"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "circular state"
}

{
  "etymology_text": "Named after the torus-like shape of the valence electron orbital in these states, which resembles a classical circular orbit.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "circular states",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "circular state (plural circular states)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English countable nouns",
        "English entries with incorrect language header",
        "English lemmas",
        "English multiword terms",
        "English nouns",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Physics"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1962 December 4, J.R. Rook, “The decay of K⁻ mesic atoms”, in Nuclear Physics, volume 39, →DOI, page 479",
          "text": "It has been shown ) that the selection rules on the Auger and X-ray transition probabilities tend to populate preferentially the circular states, that is those for which the orbital angular momentum l is given by l#x3D;n-1.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1983 October 17, Randall G. Hulet and Daniel Kleppner, “Rydberg Atoms in \"Circular\" States”, in Physical Review Letters, volume 51, →DOI, page 1430",
          "text": "We report the production of a population of atoms in a Rydberg state with #x7C;m#x7C;#x3D;n-1, where m and n are the magnetic and principal quantum numbers, respectively. We designate these states as \"circular\" because in the classical limit they describe an electron in a circular orbit. Among all the states with a given principal quantum number, the circular states have the largest magnetic moment, smallest Stark effect, and longest radiative lifetime.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2021 August 6, Sam R. Cohen and Jeff D. Thompson, “Quantum Computing with Circular Rydberg Atoms”, in PRX Quantum, volume 2, →DOI, page 030322",
          "text": "So-called circular states with the maximal angular momentum L#x3D;n-1 can have lifetimes exceeding 100 s, 10⁶ times longer than those of low-L states, in appropriately engineered environments.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any of those quantum states of an atom, which has a high principal quantum number n, and a magnetic quantum number m_l with the maximum possible magnitude, |m_l|=n-1."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "physics",
          "physics"
        ],
        [
          "quantum state",
          "quantum state"
        ],
        [
          "atom",
          "atom"
        ],
        [
          "principal quantum number",
          "principal quantum number"
        ],
        [
          "magnetic quantum number",
          "magnetic quantum number"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(physics) Any of those quantum states of an atom, which has a high principal quantum number n, and a magnetic quantum number m_l with the maximum possible magnitude, |m_l|=n-1."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences",
        "physics"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "circular state"
}