See by- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for by- meaning in English (4.8kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰuH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "by",
"4": "",
"5": "town"
},
"expansion": "Middle English by (“town”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmq"
},
"expansion": "North Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "býr",
"4": "",
"5": "dwelling, town"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse býr (“dwelling, town”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*būwiz",
"4": "",
"5": "dwelling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *būwiz (“dwelling”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "by",
"3": "",
"4": "town"
},
"expansion": "Danish by (“town”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bower"
},
"expansion": "bower",
"name": "l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English by (“town”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse býr (“dwelling, town”), from Proto-Germanic *būwiz (“dwelling”). Cognate with Danish by (“town”). More at bower.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bylaw"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Town or city."
],
"id": "en-by--en-prefix-9qHTZ1~F",
"links": [
[
"Town",
"town"
],
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"qualifier": "now mostly non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(now mostly non-productive) Town or city."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "bye-"
}
],
"word": "by-"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "by",
"3": "",
"4": "by, near, around"
},
"expansion": "by (“by, near, around”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bi-"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bi-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "by-"
},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī-",
"4": "",
"5": "by, near, around"
},
"expansion": "Old English bī- (“by, near, around”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi-",
"4": "",
"5": "by-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by-”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bij-"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bij-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "bei-"
},
"expansion": "German bei-",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Partly from a combining form of by (“by, near, around”), and partly continuing Middle English bi-, by-, from Old English bī- (“by, near, around”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by-”). Cognate with Dutch bij-, German bei-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 87 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 53 4 33 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "bystander, bypass"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nearness or roundaboutness."
],
"id": "en-by--en-prefix-e0ZdaL0W",
"links": [
[
"Nearness",
"nearness"
],
[
"roundaboutness",
"roundaboutness"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "nearness or roundaboutness",
"word": "(roundaboutness) kerülő-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hu",
"english": "nearness",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "nearness or roundaboutness",
"word": "melletti"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "nearness or roundaboutness",
"word": "közeli"
}
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "by-product, byform, by-path"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Secondary, incidental, or parallel to."
],
"id": "en-by--en-prefix-kj~Cxnft",
"links": [
[
"Secondary",
"secondary"
],
[
"incidental",
"incidental"
],
[
"parallel",
"parallel"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "mellék-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "mellékes"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "másodlagos"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "köztes"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "időközi"
}
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "bye-"
}
],
"word": "by-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from North Germanic languages",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English prefixes"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰuH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "by",
"4": "",
"5": "town"
},
"expansion": "Middle English by (“town”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmq"
},
"expansion": "North Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "býr",
"4": "",
"5": "dwelling, town"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse býr (“dwelling, town”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*būwiz",
"4": "",
"5": "dwelling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *būwiz (“dwelling”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "by",
"3": "",
"4": "town"
},
"expansion": "Danish by (“town”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bower"
},
"expansion": "bower",
"name": "l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English by (“town”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse býr (“dwelling, town”), from Proto-Germanic *būwiz (“dwelling”). Cognate with Danish by (“town”). More at bower.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bylaw"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Town or city."
],
"links": [
[
"Town",
"town"
],
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"qualifier": "now mostly non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(now mostly non-productive) Town or city."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bye-"
}
],
"word": "by-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English prefixes"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "by",
"3": "",
"4": "by, near, around"
},
"expansion": "by (“by, near, around”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bi-"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bi-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "by-"
},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī-",
"4": "",
"5": "by, near, around"
},
"expansion": "Old English bī- (“by, near, around”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi-",
"4": "",
"5": "by-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by-”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bij-"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bij-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "bei-"
},
"expansion": "German bei-",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Partly from a combining form of by (“by, near, around”), and partly continuing Middle English bi-, by-, from Old English bī- (“by, near, around”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by-”). Cognate with Dutch bij-, German bei-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "by-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bystander, bypass"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nearness or roundaboutness."
],
"links": [
[
"Nearness",
"nearness"
],
[
"roundaboutness",
"roundaboutness"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "by-product, byform, by-path"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Secondary, incidental, or parallel to."
],
"links": [
[
"Secondary",
"secondary"
],
[
"incidental",
"incidental"
],
[
"parallel",
"parallel"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bye-"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "nearness or roundaboutness",
"word": "(roundaboutness) kerülő-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"english": "nearness",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "nearness or roundaboutness",
"word": "melletti"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "nearness or roundaboutness",
"word": "közeli"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "mellék-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "mellékes"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "másodlagos"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "köztes"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "secondary, incidental, or parallel to",
"word": "időközi"
}
],
"word": "by-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.