"beefy" meaning in English

See beefy in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /ˈbiːfi/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-beefy.wav [Southern-England] Forms: beefier [comparative], beefiest [superlative]
Rhymes: -iːfi Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws Proto-Italic *gʷōs Osco-Umbrianbor.? Latin bovem Anglo-Norman beofbor. Middle English bef English beef Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English beefy From beef + -y. Etymology templates: {{ety|en|:af|beef|-y<id:adjectival>|text=+|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws Proto-Italic *gʷōs Osco-Umbrianbor.? Latin bovem Anglo-Norman beofbor. Middle English bef English beef Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English beefy [Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from", "terms" : [ { "alt" : "beof", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "bovem", "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "lang_name" : "Osco-Umbrian", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "cow", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "cattle", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*gʷṓws", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*gʷōs", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang" : "itc-sbl" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "bos", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Anglo-Norman", "term" : "buef", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "xno" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "bef", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "beef", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }, { "id" : "adjectival", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjectives", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-kos", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*-gaz", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*-g", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Old English", "term" : "-iġ", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "-y", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "-y", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "beefy", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="beefy"> From beef + -y. Head templates: {{en-adj|er}} beefy (comparative beefier, superlative beefiest)
  1. Similar to, or tasting like beef. Translations (similar to beef): lihaisa (Finnish), fleischig (German), carnoso (Italian), cărnos [masculine] (Romanian), carnoso (Spanish), carnudo (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-beefy-en-adj-EkYKv0fB Categories (other): English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival), Taste Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival): 15 18 8 31 27 Disambiguation of Taste: 100 0 0 0 0 Disambiguation of 'similar to beef': 73 20 1 2 4
  2. Containing beef. Translations (containing beef): naudanlihapitoinen (Finnish), fleischig (German), cárnico (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-beefy-en-adj-Jh~b53hh Categories (other): English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival) Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival): 15 18 8 31 27 Disambiguation of 'containing beef': 7 91 0 1 1
  3. (informal) Strong or muscular. Tags: informal
    Sense id: en-beefy-en-adj-9Sab8vLm
  4. Large; overweight; fat.
    Sense id: en-beefy-en-adj-snY3Qr9N Categories (other): English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymology trees, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival), Entries with translation boxes, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Spanish translations Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 7 9 3 38 43 Disambiguation of English entries with etymology trees: 7 9 3 38 43 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 4 4 2 41 49 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival): 15 18 8 31 27 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 5 8 0 44 43 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 4 5 6 43 43 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 2 3 4 45 46 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 2 2 3 45 48 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 3 4 4 42 46 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 6 7 3 41 43 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 6 7 3 41 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 4 5 0 45 46 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 6 6 6 38 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 3 4 0 46 47
  5. (informal) Sturdy; robust. Tags: informal
    Sense id: en-beefy-en-adj-qexexyuX Categories (other): English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymology trees, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival), Entries with translation boxes, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Spanish translations Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 7 9 3 38 43 Disambiguation of English entries with etymology trees: 7 9 3 38 43 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 4 4 2 41 49 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival): 15 18 8 31 27 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 5 8 0 44 43 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 4 5 6 43 43 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 2 3 4 45 46 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 2 2 3 45 48 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 3 4 4 42 46 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 6 7 3 41 43 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 6 7 3 41 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 4 5 0 45 46 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 6 6 6 38 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 3 4 0 46 47
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: beefily, beefiness, unbeefy

Inflected forms

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          "ref": "2016 June 9, James Griffiths, “This is how the ‘Hobbits’ of Indonesia became so small”, in CNN:",
          "text": "The jaw bone in particular “looks more like that of H. erectus … than the beefier jaws of more primitive hominins such as H. habilis,” according to science journal Nature.",
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          "ref": "2025 March 15, A.C. Thompson, James Bandler, “The Rise and Fall of Terrorgram: Inside a Global Online Hate Network”, in ProPublica:",
          "text": "A beefy guy who enjoyed posting photos of himself in military gear, Smith had a love of explosives — he urged his fellow Terrorgrammers to bomb electric power stations, cell towers and natural gas lines — and contempt for federal law enforcement agents.",
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          "text": "The software slows down even a beefy computer.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              5,
              13
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2018 December 3, Matt Egan, “Dow rises 288 points on US-China trade ceasefire”, in CNN:",
          "text": "“The beefiest part of Saturday evening’s meeting between Presidents Trump and Xi may well have been the local sirloin served for dinner,” Nicholas Colas, co-founder of DataTrek Research, wrote to clients on Monday.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Sturdy; robust."
      ],
      "id": "en-beefy-en-adj-qexexyuX",
      "links": [
        [
          "Sturdy",
          "sturdy#English"
        ],
        [
          "robust",
          "robust"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) Sturdy; robust."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbiːfi/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-beefy.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iːfi"
    }
  ],
  "word": "beefy"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English adjectives",
    "English entries with etymology texts",
    "English entries with etymology trees",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *gʷṓws",
    "English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival)",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "Rhymes:English/iːfi",
    "Rhymes:English/iːfi/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "en:Taste"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "beefily"
    },
    {
      "word": "beefiness"
    },
    {
      "word": "unbeefy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "beef",
        "4": "-y<id:adjectival>",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷṓws\nProto-Italic *gʷōs\nOsco-Umbrianbor.?\nLatin bovem\nAnglo-Norman beofbor.\nMiddle English bef\nEnglish beef\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nProto-Germanic *-gaz\nProto-West Germanic *-g\nOld English -iġ\nMiddle English -y\nEnglish -y\nEnglish beefy\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"beof\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"bovem\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cattle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷṓws\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷōs\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Anglo-Norman\", \"term\" : \"buef\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"xno\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"bef\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"beef\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-kos\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-gaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-g\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-iġ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-y\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-y\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"beefy\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"beefy\">\nFrom beef + -y.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷṓws\nProto-Italic *gʷōs\nOsco-Umbrianbor.?\nLatin bovem\nAnglo-Norman beofbor.\nMiddle English bef\nEnglish beef\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nProto-Germanic *-gaz\nProto-West Germanic *-g\nOld English -iġ\nMiddle English -y\nEnglish -y\nEnglish beefy\nFrom beef + -y.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "beefier",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beefiest",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "er"
      },
      "expansion": "beefy (comparative beefier, superlative beefiest)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Similar to, or tasting like beef."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "beef",
          "beef"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              38,
              43
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2024 October 3, Jordan Valinsky, “McDonald’s is finally selling the Chicken Big Mac in the US”, in CNN:",
          "text": "The Chicken Big Mac is similar to its beefy sibling; however, it replaces the two burgers with two tempura chicken patties.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Containing beef."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "beef",
          "beef"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English informal terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              22,
              27
            ]
          ],
          "text": "The barman was a big, beefy guy with his sleeves rolled up and tattoos on his arms.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              38,
              43
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1991, Etienne, “In Enemy Hands”, in Drummer, number 151, page 32:",
          "text": "Soon the Latino warrior had bared his beefy body. His bullet packed bandolier still draped over one shoulder served to emphasize the nakedness of the torso, as did the boots and the pants that were puddled about his ankles.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              74,
              81
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2016 June 9, James Griffiths, “This is how the ‘Hobbits’ of Indonesia became so small”, in CNN:",
          "text": "The jaw bone in particular “looks more like that of H. erectus … than the beefier jaws of more primitive hominins such as H. habilis,” according to science journal Nature.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              2,
              7
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2025 March 15, A.C. Thompson, James Bandler, “The Rise and Fall of Terrorgram: Inside a Global Online Hate Network”, in ProPublica:",
          "text": "A beefy guy who enjoyed posting photos of himself in military gear, Smith had a love of explosives — he urged his fellow Terrorgrammers to bomb electric power stations, cell towers and natural gas lines — and contempt for federal law enforcement agents.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Strong or muscular."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Strong",
          "strong#English"
        ],
        [
          "muscular",
          "muscular"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) Strong or muscular."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              131,
              136
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 82:",
          "text": "Grumping indignantly, he said, \"By ginger, a nice blanky thing to lose a good job and risk being dam' near killed by Peabody for a beefy married woman. I tell you she weighs over fifteen stone, absolutely.\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Large; overweight; fat."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "overweight",
          "overweight"
        ],
        [
          "fat",
          "fat"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English informal terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              31,
              36
            ]
          ],
          "text": "The software slows down even a beefy computer.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              5,
              13
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2018 December 3, Matt Egan, “Dow rises 288 points on US-China trade ceasefire”, in CNN:",
          "text": "“The beefiest part of Saturday evening’s meeting between Presidents Trump and Xi may well have been the local sirloin served for dinner,” Nicholas Colas, co-founder of DataTrek Research, wrote to clients on Monday.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Sturdy; robust."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Sturdy",
          "sturdy#English"
        ],
        [
          "robust",
          "robust"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) Sturdy; robust."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbiːfi/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-beefy.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-beefy.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iːfi"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "similar to beef",
      "word": "lihaisa"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "similar to beef",
      "word": "fleischig"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "similar to beef",
      "word": "carnoso"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "lang_code": "ro",
      "sense": "similar to beef",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "cărnos"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "similar to beef",
      "word": "carnoso"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "similar to beef",
      "word": "carnudo"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "containing beef",
      "word": "naudanlihapitoinen"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "containing beef",
      "word": "fleischig"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "containing beef",
      "word": "cárnico"
    }
  ],
  "word": "beefy"
}

Download raw JSONL data for beefy meaning in English (9.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (ade7ec3 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.