"batsman" meaning in English

See batsman in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈbætsmən/ Audio: en-au-batsman.ogg Forms: batsmen [plural]
Etymology: From bat + -s- + -man. Etymology templates: {{compound|en|bat|-s-|-man}} bat + -s- + -man Head templates: {{en-noun|batsmen}} batsman (plural batsmen)
  1. (cricket) A player of the batting side now on the field. Categories (topical): Cricket Translations (cricket: player of the batting side on the field): battitore [masculine] (Italian), kaihauhau (Maori)
    Sense id: en-batsman-en-noun-dQKMS0cY Topics: ball-games, cricket, games, hobbies, lifestyle, sports Disambiguation of 'cricket: player of the batting side on the field': 47 10 14 8 22
  2. (cricket) The player now receiving strike; the striker. Categories (topical): Cricket Translations (cricket: striker): batedor [masculine] (Catalan), lyöjä (Finnish), colpitore [masculine] (Italian)
    Sense id: en-batsman-en-noun-9HCHGbEK Topics: ball-games, cricket, games, hobbies, lifestyle, sports Disambiguation of 'cricket: striker': 9 52 13 15 12
  3. (cricket) Any player selected for his or her team principally to bat, as opposed to a bowler. Categories (topical): Cricket Translations (cricket: player principally selected to bat): lyöjä (Finnish)
    Sense id: en-batsman-en-noun-UG2pga8u Topics: ball-games, cricket, games, hobbies, lifestyle, sports Disambiguation of 'cricket: player principally selected to bat': 17 13 48 6 16
  4. (baseball, now rare) A hitter. Tags: archaic Categories (topical): Baseball, People
    Sense id: en-batsman-en-noun-qJiN~Djm Disambiguation of People: 0 21 16 39 24 Topics: ball-games, baseball, games, hobbies, lifestyle, sports
  5. (aviation, historical) An officer who used a pair of hand-held bats to signal to aircraft as they came in to land on the flight deck. Tags: historical Categories (topical): Aviation
    Sense id: en-batsman-en-noun-b~VrDQ6y Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms interfixed with -s-, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Maori translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Swedish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 14 16 18 20 32 Disambiguation of English terms interfixed with -s-: 21 13 18 16 34 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 13 14 17 18 38 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 14 15 18 18 36 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 12 13 18 18 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 10 15 18 22 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 9 15 18 22 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 12 14 18 18 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Maori translations: 9 15 18 22 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 12 14 18 18 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 9 15 18 22 36 Topics: aeronautics, aerospace, aviation, business, engineering, natural-sciences, physical-sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: hitter [baseball, ball-games, games, sports, hobbies, lifestyle], batter [baseball, ball-games, games, sports, hobbies, lifestyle], batter [feminine, masculine] [cricket, ball-games, games, sports, hobbies, lifestyle] Hypernyms: cricketer [cricket, ball-games, games, sports, hobbies, lifestyle] Hypernyms (male cricketer): batter [feminine, masculine] Hyponyms: batswoman (english: batsman; when is treated as both male and female) [feminine] [cricket, ball-games, games, sports, hobbies, lifestyle] Derived forms: batsmanship, batswoman, hit batsman, opening batsman Related terms: bat
Disambiguation of 'male cricketer': 0 0 100 0 0

Inflected forms

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "english": "batsman; when is treated as only male",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “cricket”",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "batswoman"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "batsmanship"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "batswoman"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "hit batsman"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "opening batsman"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "bat",
        "3": "-s-",
        "4": "-man"
      },
      "expansion": "bat + -s- + -man",
      "name": "compound"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From bat + -s- + -man.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "batsmen",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "batsmen"
      },
      "expansion": "batsman (plural batsmen)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hypernyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0",
      "sense": "male cricketer",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "batter"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "topics": [
        "cricket",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "cricketer"
    }
  ],
  "hyponyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "batsman; when is treated as both male and female",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "cricket",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "batswoman"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "bat"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Cricket",
          "orig": "en:Cricket",
          "parents": [
            "Ball games",
            "Sports",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A player of the batting side now on the field."
      ],
      "id": "en-batsman-en-noun-dQKMS0cY",
      "links": [
        [
          "cricket",
          "cricket"
        ],
        [
          "player",
          "player"
        ],
        [
          "batting",
          "batting"
        ],
        [
          "side",
          "side"
        ],
        [
          "field",
          "field"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cricket) A player of the batting side now on the field."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "cricket",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "47 10 14 8 22",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "cricket: player of the batting side on the field",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "battitore"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 10 14 8 22",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "cricket: player of the batting side on the field",
          "word": "kaihauhau"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Cricket",
          "orig": "en:Cricket",
          "parents": [
            "Ball games",
            "Sports",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2001 June 19, Julia Price, “Julia's Ashes Diary 2001”, in Women's Cricket in Australia -Ashes Tour 2001, southernstars.org, archived from the original on 2015-03-22:",
          "text": "The batsman, Kathryn Leng, (who has played for quite a few years for England) asked the umpire dumbfounded if Charlie was going to bowl with a helmet on.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The player now receiving strike; the striker."
      ],
      "id": "en-batsman-en-noun-9HCHGbEK",
      "links": [
        [
          "cricket",
          "cricket"
        ],
        [
          "player",
          "player"
        ],
        [
          "receiving",
          "receiving"
        ],
        [
          "strike",
          "strike"
        ],
        [
          "striker",
          "striker"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cricket) The player now receiving strike; the striker."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "cricket",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "9 52 13 15 12",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "cricket: striker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "batedor"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "9 52 13 15 12",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "cricket: striker",
          "word": "lyöjä"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "9 52 13 15 12",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "cricket: striker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "colpitore"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Cricket",
          "orig": "en:Cricket",
          "parents": [
            "Ball games",
            "Sports",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any player selected for his or her team principally to bat, as opposed to a bowler."
      ],
      "id": "en-batsman-en-noun-UG2pga8u",
      "links": [
        [
          "cricket",
          "cricket"
        ],
        [
          "team",
          "team"
        ],
        [
          "bat",
          "bat"
        ],
        [
          "bowler",
          "bowler"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cricket) Any player selected for his or her team principally to bat, as opposed to a bowler."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "cricket",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "17 13 48 6 16",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "cricket: player principally selected to bat",
          "word": "lyöjä"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Baseball",
          "orig": "en:Baseball",
          "parents": [
            "Ball games",
            "Sports",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 21 16 39 24",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "en:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A hitter."
      ],
      "id": "en-batsman-en-noun-qJiN~Djm",
      "links": [
        [
          "baseball",
          "baseball"
        ],
        [
          "hitter",
          "hitter"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(baseball, now rare) A hitter."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "baseball",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Aviation",
          "orig": "en:Aviation",
          "parents": [
            "Aeronautics",
            "Transport",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 16 18 20 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 13 18 16 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms interfixed with -s-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 14 17 18 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 15 18 18 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 13 18 18 39",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 15 18 22 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 15 18 22 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 14 18 18 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Italian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 15 18 22 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Maori translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 14 18 18 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 15 18 22 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An officer who used a pair of hand-held bats to signal to aircraft as they came in to land on the flight deck."
      ],
      "id": "en-batsman-en-noun-b~VrDQ6y",
      "links": [
        [
          "aviation",
          "aviation"
        ],
        [
          "officer",
          "officer"
        ],
        [
          "signal",
          "signal"
        ],
        [
          "aircraft",
          "aircraft"
        ],
        [
          "flight deck",
          "flight deck"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(aviation, historical) An officer who used a pair of hand-held bats to signal to aircraft as they came in to land on the flight deck."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "aeronautics",
        "aerospace",
        "aviation",
        "business",
        "engineering",
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbætsmən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-au-batsman.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/En-au-batsman.ogg/En-au-batsman.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/En-au-batsman.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "topics": [
        "baseball",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "hitter"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "topics": [
        "baseball",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "batter"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "cricket",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "batter"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "batsman"
  ],
  "word": "batsman"
}
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "english": "batsman; when is treated as only male",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “cricket”",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "batswoman"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English compound terms",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English nouns with irregular plurals",
    "English terms interfixed with -s-",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for review of Russian translations",
    "Requests for review of Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Maori translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "en:People"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "batsmanship"
    },
    {
      "word": "batswoman"
    },
    {
      "word": "hit batsman"
    },
    {
      "word": "opening batsman"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "bat",
        "3": "-s-",
        "4": "-man"
      },
      "expansion": "bat + -s- + -man",
      "name": "compound"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From bat + -s- + -man.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "batsmen",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "batsmen"
      },
      "expansion": "batsman (plural batsmen)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hypernyms": [
    {
      "sense": "male cricketer",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "batter"
    },
    {
      "topics": [
        "cricket",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "cricketer"
    }
  ],
  "hyponyms": [
    {
      "english": "batsman; when is treated as both male and female",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "cricket",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "batswoman"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "bat"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Cricket"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A player of the batting side now on the field."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cricket",
          "cricket"
        ],
        [
          "player",
          "player"
        ],
        [
          "batting",
          "batting"
        ],
        [
          "side",
          "side"
        ],
        [
          "field",
          "field"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cricket) A player of the batting side now on the field."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "cricket",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Cricket"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2001 June 19, Julia Price, “Julia's Ashes Diary 2001”, in Women's Cricket in Australia -Ashes Tour 2001, southernstars.org, archived from the original on 2015-03-22:",
          "text": "The batsman, Kathryn Leng, (who has played for quite a few years for England) asked the umpire dumbfounded if Charlie was going to bowl with a helmet on.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The player now receiving strike; the striker."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cricket",
          "cricket"
        ],
        [
          "player",
          "player"
        ],
        [
          "receiving",
          "receiving"
        ],
        [
          "strike",
          "strike"
        ],
        [
          "striker",
          "striker"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cricket) The player now receiving strike; the striker."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "cricket",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Cricket"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any player selected for his or her team principally to bat, as opposed to a bowler."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cricket",
          "cricket"
        ],
        [
          "team",
          "team"
        ],
        [
          "bat",
          "bat"
        ],
        [
          "bowler",
          "bowler"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cricket) Any player selected for his or her team principally to bat, as opposed to a bowler."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "cricket",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Baseball"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A hitter."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "baseball",
          "baseball"
        ],
        [
          "hitter",
          "hitter"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(baseball, now rare) A hitter."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "ball-games",
        "baseball",
        "games",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with historical senses",
        "en:Aviation"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An officer who used a pair of hand-held bats to signal to aircraft as they came in to land on the flight deck."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "aviation",
          "aviation"
        ],
        [
          "officer",
          "officer"
        ],
        [
          "signal",
          "signal"
        ],
        [
          "aircraft",
          "aircraft"
        ],
        [
          "flight deck",
          "flight deck"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(aviation, historical) An officer who used a pair of hand-held bats to signal to aircraft as they came in to land on the flight deck."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "aeronautics",
        "aerospace",
        "aviation",
        "business",
        "engineering",
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbætsmən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-au-batsman.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/En-au-batsman.ogg/En-au-batsman.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/En-au-batsman.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "topics": [
        "baseball",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "hitter"
    },
    {
      "topics": [
        "baseball",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "batter"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "cricket",
        "ball-games",
        "games",
        "sports",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "batter"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "cricket: player of the batting side on the field",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "battitore"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "cricket: player of the batting side on the field",
      "word": "kaihauhau"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "cricket: striker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "batedor"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "cricket: striker",
      "word": "lyöjä"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "cricket: striker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "colpitore"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "cricket: player principally selected to bat",
      "word": "lyöjä"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "batsman"
  ],
  "word": "batsman"
}

Download raw JSONL data for batsman meaning in English (5.4kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (0c0c1f1 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.