See кум in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "chm-pro",
"3": "*kŭm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mari *kŭm",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*kolme"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kolme",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mrj",
"2": "кым"
},
"expansion": "Western Mari кым (kym)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "numerals",
"3": "long form/predicative",
"4": "кумыт",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "кумыт"
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "mhr-num"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Eastern Mari cardinal numbers",
"parents": [
"Cardinal numbers",
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Mari links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 2 9 82",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "mhr",
"name": "Three",
"orig": "mhr:Three",
"parents": [
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "three days",
"roman": "kum sutka",
"text": "кум сутка",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"three"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-num-i1udsME9",
"links": [
[
"three",
"three"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кум"
},
"expansion": "Russian кум (kum)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-decl-noun-npos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "кум",
"roman": "kum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влак",
"roman": "kum-vlak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумым",
"roman": "kumym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакым",
"roman": "kum-vlakym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумын",
"roman": "kumyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакын",
"roman": "kum-vlakyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумлан",
"roman": "kumlan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влаклан",
"roman": "kum-vlaklan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумге",
"roman": "kumge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакге",
"roman": "kum-vlakge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумла",
"roman": "kumla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакла",
"roman": "kum-vlakla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышто",
"roman": "kumyšto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыште",
"roman": "kum-vlakyšte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумыш",
"roman": "kumyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыш",
"roman": "kum-vlakyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышко",
"roman": "kumyško",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакышке",
"roman": "kum-vlakyške",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумеш",
"roman": "kumeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакеш",
"roman": "kum-vlakeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-pos-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "кумем",
"roman": "kumem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумна",
"roman": "kumna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "кумет",
"roman": "kumet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумда",
"roman": "kumda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумжо",
"roman": "kumžo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышт",
"roman": "kumyšt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "кум-влак",
"5": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "mhr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "кум",
"2": "",
"3": "ы",
"4": "о",
"5": "е"
},
"name": "mhr-decl-noun-npos"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "кум",
"10": "кум-влакге",
"11": "кумла",
"12": "кум-влакла",
"13": "кумышто",
"14": "кум-влакыште",
"15": "кумыш",
"16": "кум-влакыш",
"17": "кумышко",
"18": "кум-влакышке",
"19": "кумеш",
"2": "кум-влак",
"20": "кум-влакеш",
"3": "кумым",
"4": "кум-влакым",
"5": "кумын",
"6": "кум-влакын",
"7": "кумлан",
"8": "кум-влаклан",
"9": "кумге"
},
"name": "mhr-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"godfather"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-noun-pVsBU~2~",
"links": [
[
"godfather",
"godfather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"father (of one's godchild)"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-noun-S0Y4RZhF",
"links": [
[
"father",
"father"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 3 66 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Mari entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "you shouldn't show favoritism in work",
"roman": "pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl",
"text": "пашаште кум лийшаш огыл",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-noun-vFRBiL3m",
"links": [
[
"nepotism",
"nepotism"
],
[
"favoritism",
"favoritism"
],
[
"favouritism",
"favouritism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari entries with incorrect language header",
"Eastern Mari lemmas",
"Eastern Mari links with redundant alt parameters",
"Eastern Mari nouns",
"Eastern Mari numerals",
"Eastern Mari terms borrowed from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Proto-Mari",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms inherited from Proto-Mari",
"Eastern Mari terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um/1 syllable",
"mhr:Three",
"uk:Animal sounds",
"uk:Christianity",
"uk:Male family members",
"uk:Male people",
"uk:Wolves"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "chm-pro",
"3": "*kŭm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mari *kŭm",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*kolme"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kolme",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mrj",
"2": "кым"
},
"expansion": "Western Mari кым (kym)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "numerals",
"3": "long form/predicative",
"4": "кумыт",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "кумыт"
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "mhr-num"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari cardinal numbers",
"Eastern Mari terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "three days",
"roman": "kum sutka",
"text": "кум сутка",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"three"
],
"links": [
[
"three",
"three"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari entries with incorrect language header",
"Eastern Mari lemmas",
"Eastern Mari nouns",
"Eastern Mari terms borrowed from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Russian",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um/1 syllable",
"mhr:Three",
"uk:Animal sounds",
"uk:Christianity",
"uk:Male family members",
"uk:Male people",
"uk:Wolves"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кум"
},
"expansion": "Russian кум (kum)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-decl-noun-npos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "кум",
"roman": "kum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влак",
"roman": "kum-vlak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумым",
"roman": "kumym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакым",
"roman": "kum-vlakym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумын",
"roman": "kumyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакын",
"roman": "kum-vlakyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумлан",
"roman": "kumlan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влаклан",
"roman": "kum-vlaklan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумге",
"roman": "kumge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакге",
"roman": "kum-vlakge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумла",
"roman": "kumla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакла",
"roman": "kum-vlakla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышто",
"roman": "kumyšto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыште",
"roman": "kum-vlakyšte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумыш",
"roman": "kumyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыш",
"roman": "kum-vlakyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышко",
"roman": "kumyško",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакышке",
"roman": "kum-vlakyške",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумеш",
"roman": "kumeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакеш",
"roman": "kum-vlakeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-pos-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "кумем",
"roman": "kumem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумна",
"roman": "kumna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "кумет",
"roman": "kumet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумда",
"roman": "kumda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумжо",
"roman": "kumžo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышт",
"roman": "kumyšt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "кум-влак",
"5": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "mhr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "кум",
"2": "",
"3": "ы",
"4": "о",
"5": "е"
},
"name": "mhr-decl-noun-npos"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "кум",
"10": "кум-влакге",
"11": "кумла",
"12": "кум-влакла",
"13": "кумышто",
"14": "кум-влакыште",
"15": "кумыш",
"16": "кум-влакыш",
"17": "кумышко",
"18": "кум-влакышке",
"19": "кумеш",
"2": "кум-влак",
"20": "кум-влакеш",
"3": "кумым",
"4": "кум-влакым",
"5": "кумын",
"6": "кум-влакын",
"7": "кумлан",
"8": "кум-влаклан",
"9": "кумге"
},
"name": "mhr-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"godfather"
],
"links": [
[
"godfather",
"godfather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"father (of one's godchild)"
],
"links": [
[
"father",
"father"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "you shouldn't show favoritism in work",
"roman": "pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl",
"text": "пашаште кум лийшаш огыл",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"links": [
[
"nepotism",
"nepotism"
],
[
"favoritism",
"favoritism"
],
[
"favouritism",
"favouritism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
Download raw JSONL data for кум meaning in Eastern Mari (7.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: long form/predicative кумыт",
"path": [
"кум"
],
"section": "Eastern Mari",
"subsection": "numeral",
"title": "кум",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"кум"
],
"section": "Eastern Mari",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "кум",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"кум"
],
"section": "Eastern Mari",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "кум",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Eastern Mari dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.