"afkijken" meaning in Dutch

See afkijken in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈɑfkɛi̯kə(n)/ Audio: Nl-afkijken.ogg
Etymology: From af + kijken. Etymology templates: {{compound|nl|af|kijken}} af + kijken Head templates: {{nl-verb}} afkijken Inflection templates: {{nl-conj-st|kijk|keek|keken|5=keke|class=1|sep=af}} Forms: separable strong [table-tags], afkijken [infinitive], afkijken [gerund, neuter], kijk af [first-person, main-clause, present, singular], keek af [first-person, main-clause, past, singular], afkijk [first-person, present, singular, subordinate-clause], afkeek [first-person, past, singular, subordinate-clause], kijkt af [main-clause, present, second-person, singular], keek af [main-clause, past, second-person, singular], afkijkt [present, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], afkeek [past, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], kijkt af [formal, main-clause, present, second-person, singular], keek af [formal, main-clause, past, second-person, singular], afkijkt [formal, present, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], afkeek [formal, past, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], kijkt af [Flanders, colloquial, main-clause, present, second-person, singular], kijkt af [archaic, formal, main-clause, majestic, present, second-person, singular], keekt af [Flanders, colloquial, main-clause, past, second-person, singular], keekt af [archaic, formal, main-clause, majestic, past, second-person, singular], afkijkt [Flanders, colloquial, present, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], afkijkt [archaic, formal, majestic, present, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], afkeekt [Flanders, colloquial, past, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], afkeekt [archaic, formal, majestic, past, second-person, singular, subordinate-clause], kijkt af [main-clause, present, singular, third-person], keek af [main-clause, past, singular, third-person], afkijkt [present, singular, subordinate-clause, third-person], afkeek [past, singular, subordinate-clause, third-person], kijken af [main-clause, plural, present], keken af [main-clause, past, plural], afkijken [plural, present, subordinate-clause], afkeken [past, plural, subordinate-clause], kijke af [archaic, main-clause, present, singular, subjunctive], keke af [archaic, main-clause, past, singular, subjunctive], afkijke [archaic, present, singular, subjunctive, subordinate-clause], afkeke [archaic, past, singular, subjunctive, subordinate-clause], kijken af [archaic, main-clause, plural, present, subjunctive], keken af [archaic, main-clause, past, plural, subjunctive], afkijken [archaic, plural, present, subjunctive, subordinate-clause], afkeken [archaic, past, plural, subjunctive, subordinate-clause], kijk af [imperative, main-clause, present, singular], kijkt af [archaic, imperative, main-clause, plural, present], afkijkend [main-clause, participle, present], afgekeken [main-clause, participle, past]
  1. (intransitive) to crib, to plagiarize, to cheat by copying another's work Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-afkijken-nl-verb-ZZYnxCKK Categories (other): Dutch entries with incorrect language header, Dutch separable verbs with af Disambiguation of Dutch entries with incorrect language header: 49 51 Disambiguation of Dutch separable verbs with af: 47 53
  2. (intransitive) to learn by watching Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-afkijken-nl-verb-IrZMoSUD Categories (other): Dutch entries with incorrect language header, Dutch separable verbs with af Disambiguation of Dutch entries with incorrect language header: 49 51 Disambiguation of Dutch separable verbs with af: 47 53
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: afkijker

Inflected forms

Download JSONL data for afkijken meaning in Dutch (6.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "afkijker"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "af",
        "3": "kijken"
      },
      "expansion": "af + kijken",
      "name": "compound"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From af + kijken.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "separable strong",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nl-conj-st",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijk af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "majestic",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keekt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keekt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "majestic",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "majestic",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeekt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeekt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "majestic",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijke af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keke af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijk af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "imperative",
        "main-clause",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkend",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afgekeken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "afkijken",
      "name": "nl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "af‧kij‧ken"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kijk",
        "2": "keek",
        "3": "keken",
        "5": "keke",
        "class": "1",
        "sep": "af"
      },
      "name": "nl-conj-st"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Dutch",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "49 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "47 53",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch separable verbs with af",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to crib, to plagiarize, to cheat by copying another's work"
      ],
      "id": "en-afkijken-nl-verb-ZZYnxCKK",
      "links": [
        [
          "crib",
          "crib"
        ],
        [
          "plagiarize",
          "plagiarize"
        ],
        [
          "cheat",
          "cheat"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to crib, to plagiarize, to cheat by copying another's work"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "49 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "47 53",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch separable verbs with af",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to learn by watching"
      ],
      "id": "en-afkijken-nl-verb-IrZMoSUD",
      "links": [
        [
          "learn",
          "learn"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to learn by watching"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɑfkɛi̯kə(n)/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Nl-afkijken.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Nl-afkijken.ogg/Nl-afkijken.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Nl-afkijken.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "afkijken"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Dutch class 1 strong verbs",
    "Dutch compound terms",
    "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
    "Dutch lemmas",
    "Dutch separable verbs",
    "Dutch separable verbs with af",
    "Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Dutch terms with audio links",
    "Dutch verbs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "afkijker"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "af",
        "3": "kijken"
      },
      "expansion": "af + kijken",
      "name": "compound"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From af + kijken.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "separable strong",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nl-conj-st",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijk af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "majestic",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keekt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keekt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "main-clause",
        "majestic",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "majestic",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeekt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "Flanders",
        "colloquial",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeekt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "majestic",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keek af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subordinate-clause",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijke af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keke af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keken af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "main-clause",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkeken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subordinate-clause"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijk af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "main-clause",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kijkt af",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "imperative",
        "main-clause",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afkijkend",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "afgekeken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "main-clause",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "afkijken",
      "name": "nl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "af‧kij‧ken"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kijk",
        "2": "keek",
        "3": "keken",
        "5": "keke",
        "class": "1",
        "sep": "af"
      },
      "name": "nl-conj-st"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Dutch",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Dutch intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to crib, to plagiarize, to cheat by copying another's work"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crib",
          "crib"
        ],
        [
          "plagiarize",
          "plagiarize"
        ],
        [
          "cheat",
          "cheat"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to crib, to plagiarize, to cheat by copying another's work"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Dutch intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to learn by watching"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "learn",
          "learn"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to learn by watching"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɑfkɛi̯kə(n)/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Nl-afkijken.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Nl-afkijken.ogg/Nl-afkijken.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Nl-afkijken.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "afkijken"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (e79c026 and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.