See 敦煌 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌國"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌国"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西漢敦煌國"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西汉敦煌国"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Dunhuang"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Tun-huang"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Tunhuang"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Tunhwang"
}
],
"etymology_examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
14,
22
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
39,
47
]
],
"english": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"ref": " Records of the Grand Historian, [1st century BCE]",
"roman": "Shǐ Yuèshì jū Dūnhuáng, Qílián xián, jí wèi Xiōngnú suǒ bài, nǎi yuǎn qù.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "始月氏居敦煌、祁連閒，及為匈奴所敗，乃遠去。",
"translation": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
14,
22
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
39,
47
]
],
"english": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"ref": " Records of the Grand Historian, [1st century BCE]",
"roman": "Shǐ Yuèshì jū Dūnhuáng, Qílián xián, jí wèi Xiōngnú suǒ bài, nǎi yuǎn qù.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "始月氏居敦煌、祁连闲，及为匈奴所败，乃远去。",
"translation": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
31,
38
],
[
54,
61
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
],
[
15,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
61,
68
],
[
86,
93
]
],
"english": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"ref": " Classic of Mountains and Seas",
"roman": "Yòu běi sān bǎi èr shí lǐ, yuē Dūnhōng zhī shān...... Dūnhōng zhī shuǐ chū yān, ér xī liú zhù yú 泑 zé.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "又北三百二十里，曰敦薨之山……敦薨之水出焉，而西流注于泑澤。",
"translation": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
31,
38
],
[
54,
61
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
],
[
15,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
61,
68
],
[
86,
93
]
],
"english": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"ref": " Classic of Mountains and Seas",
"roman": "Yòu běi sān bǎi èr shí lǐ, yuē Dūnhōng zhī shān...... Dūnhōng zhī shuǐ chū yān, ér xī liú zhù yú 泑 zé.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "又北三百二十里，曰敦薨之山……敦薨之水出焉，而西流注于泑泽。",
"translation": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "敦薨",
"tr": "*dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun m̥ˤəŋ/ẘˤəŋ"
},
"expansion": "敦薨 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun m̥ˤəŋ/ẘˤəŋ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "敦煌",
"tr": "*dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun wˤaŋ"
},
"expansion": "敦煌 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun wˤaŋ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏",
"sc": "Sogo",
"ts": "*θurwān, θruwān"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "early 4th century"
},
"expansion": "[early 4th century]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gharib, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gharib, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1st century BCE"
},
"expansion": "[1st century BCE]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"author": "Claudius Ptolemy",
"chapter": "Book VI, chapter 16",
"passage": "Πόλεις δὲ ὀνομάζονται τῆς Σηρικῆς αἵδε· ... Θροάνα var. Θαράννα ροδ° γο′ μζ° γο′",
"title": "Geographia",
"translation": "The following cities of Serike are named: ... Throana var. Tharanna Long. 174°40′, Lat. 47°40′",
"year": "c. 150 CE"
},
"expansion": "c. 150 CE, Claudius Ptolemy, “Book VI, chapter 16”, in Geographia:\nΠόλεις δὲ ὀνομάζονται τῆς Σηρικῆς αἵδε· [...] Θροάνα [var. Θαράννα] ροδ° γο′ μζ° γο′\nPóleis dè onomázontai tês Sērikês haíde; [...] Throána [var. Tharánna] rod° go′ mz° go′\nThe following cities of Serike are named: … Throana [var. Tharanna] [Long.] 174°40′, [Lat.] 47°40′",
"name": "quote-book"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji); some scholars suggest that 敦薨 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun m̥ˤəŋ/ẘˤəŋ) in the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing) also refers to 敦煌 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun wˤaŋ). The name likely derives from a historical Iranian language, and is cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)—the Sogdian name for Dunhuang attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995). It is also possibly related to Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\nc. 150 CE, Claudius Ptolemy, “Book VI, chapter 16”, in Geographia:\nΠόλεις δὲ ὀνομάζονται τῆς Σηρικῆς αἵδε· [...] Θροάνα [var. Θαράννα] ροδ° γο′ μζ° γο′\nPóleis dè onomázontai tês Sērikês haíde; [...] Throána [var. Tharánna] rod° go′ mz° go′\nThe following cities of Serike are named: … Throana [var. Tharanna] [Long.] 174°40′, [Lat.] 47°40′",
"forms": [
{
"form": "燉煌",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Traditional-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "敦煌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "67 1 21 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 2 21 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 2 21 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 2 43 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Former countries and country-like entities",
"orig": "zh:Former countries and country-like entities",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-XPhvzE85",
"links": [
[
"市",
"市#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Former political divisions",
"orig": "zh:Former political divisions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-6SAyjUrM",
"links": [
[
"郡",
"郡#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"commandery",
"commandery"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Former polities",
"orig": "zh:Former polities",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "43 2 43 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Former countries and country-like entities",
"orig": "zh:Former countries and country-like entities",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-g-eojGYn",
"links": [
[
"～國",
"敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西漢敦煌國",
"西漢敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西汉敦煌国",
"西汉敦煌国#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"kingdom",
"kingdom"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
],
[
"early",
"early"
],
[
"century",
"century"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "43 2 43 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Former countries and country-like entities",
"orig": "zh:Former countries and country-like entities",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-lsJV7bUL",
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"county",
"county"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"roman": "Dunʹxuan",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Classic of Mountains and Seas",
"Geography (Ptolemy)",
"Records of the Grand Historian",
"Yuezhi"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms derived from Iranian languages",
"Chinese terms spelled with 敦",
"Chinese terms spelled with 煌",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Classical Chinese terms with quotations",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese proper nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Former countries and country-like entities"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌國"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌国"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
},
{
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西漢敦煌國"
},
{
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西汉敦煌国"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Dunhuang"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Tun-huang"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Tunhuang"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Tunhwang"
}
],
"etymology_examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
14,
22
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
39,
47
]
],
"english": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"ref": " Records of the Grand Historian, [1st century BCE]",
"roman": "Shǐ Yuèshì jū Dūnhuáng, Qílián xián, jí wèi Xiōngnú suǒ bài, nǎi yuǎn qù.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "始月氏居敦煌、祁連閒，及為匈奴所敗，乃遠去。",
"translation": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
14,
22
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
39,
47
]
],
"english": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"ref": " Records of the Grand Historian, [1st century BCE]",
"roman": "Shǐ Yuèshì jū Dūnhuáng, Qílián xián, jí wèi Xiōngnú suǒ bài, nǎi yuǎn qù.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "始月氏居敦煌、祁连闲，及为匈奴所败，乃远去。",
"translation": "Originally, the Yuezhi resided between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains; when they were defeated by the Xiongnu, they moved far away.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
31,
38
],
[
54,
61
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
],
[
15,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
61,
68
],
[
86,
93
]
],
"english": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"ref": " Classic of Mountains and Seas",
"roman": "Yòu běi sān bǎi èr shí lǐ, yuē Dūnhōng zhī shān...... Dūnhōng zhī shuǐ chū yān, ér xī liú zhù yú 泑 zé.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "又北三百二十里，曰敦薨之山……敦薨之水出焉，而西流注于泑澤。",
"translation": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
31,
38
],
[
54,
61
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
],
[
15,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
61,
68
],
[
86,
93
]
],
"english": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"ref": " Classic of Mountains and Seas",
"roman": "Yòu běi sān bǎi èr shí lǐ, yuē Dūnhōng zhī shān...... Dūnhōng zhī shuǐ chū yān, ér xī liú zhù yú 泑 zé.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "又北三百二十里，曰敦薨之山……敦薨之水出焉，而西流注于泑泽。",
"translation": "Three hundred and twenty li further north is the Mountain of Dunhong... The waters of Dunhong flow from it and go west to empty into the Youze Marsh.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "敦薨",
"tr": "*dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun m̥ˤəŋ/ẘˤəŋ"
},
"expansion": "敦薨 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun m̥ˤəŋ/ẘˤəŋ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "敦煌",
"tr": "*dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun wˤaŋ"
},
"expansion": "敦煌 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun wˤaŋ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏",
"sc": "Sogo",
"ts": "*θurwān, θruwān"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "early 4th century"
},
"expansion": "[early 4th century]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gharib, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gharib, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1st century BCE"
},
"expansion": "[1st century BCE]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"author": "Claudius Ptolemy",
"chapter": "Book VI, chapter 16",
"passage": "Πόλεις δὲ ὀνομάζονται τῆς Σηρικῆς αἵδε· ... Θροάνα var. Θαράννα ροδ° γο′ μζ° γο′",
"title": "Geographia",
"translation": "The following cities of Serike are named: ... Throana var. Tharanna Long. 174°40′, Lat. 47°40′",
"year": "c. 150 CE"
},
"expansion": "c. 150 CE, Claudius Ptolemy, “Book VI, chapter 16”, in Geographia:\nΠόλεις δὲ ὀνομάζονται τῆς Σηρικῆς αἵδε· [...] Θροάνα [var. Θαράννα] ροδ° γο′ μζ° γο′\nPóleis dè onomázontai tês Sērikês haíde; [...] Throána [var. Tharánna] rod° go′ mz° go′\nThe following cities of Serike are named: … Throana [var. Tharanna] [Long.] 174°40′, [Lat.] 47°40′",
"name": "quote-book"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji); some scholars suggest that 敦薨 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun m̥ˤəŋ/ẘˤəŋ) in the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing) also refers to 敦煌 (OC *dˤon/tˤuj/tˤun/tˤunh/dˤun wˤaŋ). The name likely derives from a historical Iranian language, and is cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)—the Sogdian name for Dunhuang attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995). It is also possibly related to Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\nc. 150 CE, Claudius Ptolemy, “Book VI, chapter 16”, in Geographia:\nΠόλεις δὲ ὀνομάζονται τῆς Σηρικῆς αἵδε· [...] Θροάνα [var. Θαράννα] ροδ° γο′ μζ° γο′\nPóleis dè onomázontai tês Sērikês haíde; [...] Throána [var. Tharánna] rod° go′ mz° go′\nThe following cities of Serike are named: … Throana [var. Tharanna] [Long.] 174°40′, [Lat.] 47°40′",
"forms": [
{
"form": "燉煌",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Traditional-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "敦煌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"市",
"市#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Former political divisions",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"郡",
"郡#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"commandery",
"commandery"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese short forms",
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Former polities",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"links": [
[
"～國",
"敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西漢敦煌國",
"西漢敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西汉敦煌国",
"西汉敦煌国#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"kingdom",
"kingdom"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
],
[
"early",
"early"
],
[
"century",
"century"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"county",
"county"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"roman": "Dunʹxuan",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Classic of Mountains and Seas",
"Geography (Ptolemy)",
"Records of the Grand Historian",
"Yuezhi"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 敦煌 meaning in Chinese (13.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～市",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～市",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (e79dea5 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.