"莙薘" meaning in Chinese

See 莙薘 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/ [Jin, Sinological-IPA, Taiyuan], /keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/ [Jian'ou, Sinological-IPA], /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/, /t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/, /kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/, /t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/, /keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/ Chinese transliterations: jūndá [Mandarin, Pinyin], jùndá [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo], ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo], gwan¹ daat⁶ [Cantonese, Jyutping], jyng¹ dah⁵ [Jin, Wiktionary-specific], gěng-duòi, jūndá [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], jyundá [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], chün¹-ta² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], jyūn-dá [Mandarin, Yale], jiundar [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], цзюньда [Mandarin, Palladius], czjunʹda [Mandarin, Palladius], jùndá [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], jyùndá [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], chün⁴-ta² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], jyùn-dá [Mandarin, Yale], jiunndar [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], gwān daaht [Cantonese, Yale], gwan¹ daat⁹ [Cantonese, Pinyin], guen¹ dad⁶ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], jyng¹ dah⁵ [Jin, Taiyuan, Wiktionary-specific], gěng-duòi [Jian'ou, Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized], kjun dat [Middle-Chinese] Forms: 莙荙, 君達, 軍薘, 軍達
Etymology: Attested since the 5ᵗʰ century CE. The Jingxingji of the 8ᵗʰ century records that this vegetable was produced in the country of Mo-lu 末祿/末禄 (< *Mar-luk), perhaps referring to Merv in modern-day Turkmenistan. It is an Iranian loan, corresponding to Middle Persian forms of the type of *gundar or *gundur (Laufer, 1967). Compare modern Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”), Turkmen şuğundyr, etc. Etymology templates: {{C.E.|nodots=1}} CE, {{CE}} CE, {{bor|zh|ira|-}} Iranian, {{bor|zh|pal|-}} Middle Persian, {{zh-ref|Laufer, 1967}} Laufer, 1967, {{cog|fa|چغندر||beet|tr=čoğondar}} Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”), {{cog|tk|şuğundyr}} Turkmen şuğundyr Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 莙薘
  1. chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) Wikipedia link: Jingxingji, Merv Categories (lifeform): Amaranths and goosefoots Derived forms: 莙薘菜 (jūndácài), 莙荙菜 (jūndácài)
    Sense id: en-莙薘-zh-noun-34tEa3Vw Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header, Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Synonyms: 莙薘菜 [formal, Standard-Chinese], 葉甜菜 [formal, Standard-Chinese], 莙薘菜 [Harbin], 莙薘菜 [Luoyang], 厚皮菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Chengdu], 牛皮菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Chengdu], 甜白菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Wuhan], 牛皮菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Guiyang], 豬肚菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Liuzhou], 豬婆菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Liuzhou], 牛皮菜 [Southwestern-Mandarin, Nanning], 莙薘菜 [Cantonese, Guangzhou], 豬乸菜 [Cantonese, Guangzhou], 𣸛菜 [Cantonese, Guangzhou], 豬乸菜 [Cantonese, Hong-Kong], 莙薘菜 [Cantonese, Dongguan], 豬乸菜 [Cantonese, Dongguan], 甜菜 [Cantonese, Dongguan], 豬婆菜 [Cantonese], 豬乸菜 [Cantonese, Yangjiang], 厚皮菜 [Cantonese, Nanning], 豬乸菜 [Cantonese, Nanning], 豆腐菜 [Cantonese], 關辣菜 [Cantonese], 豬乸菜 [Cantonese], 母豬菜 [Cantonese], 油菜 [Cantonese], 莙藍菜 [Gan, Nanchang], 莙菜 [Gan, Lichuan], 莙菜 [Gan, Pingxiang], 勺菜 [Hakka, Meixian], 豬食菜 [Hakka, Meixian], 豬嫲菜 [Hakka], 豬乸菜 [Hakka, Huicheng-Bendihua, Huizhou], 勺菜 [Hakka, Huicheng-Bendihua, Huizhou], 勺菜 [Hakka, Zengcheng], 蒲勺菜 [Hakka], 莙薘菜 [Hakka, Yudu], 豬婆菜 [Hakka, Yudu], 莙薘 [Hakka], 勺菜 [Hakka, Sixian, Miaoli, Northern], 勺菜 [Hakka, Sixian, Pingtung], 勺菜 [Hakka, Hong-Kong], 莙薘 [Jin, Taiyuan], 莙薘 [Jian'ou], 牛皮菜 [Fuzhou], 豬母菜 suburbs [Fuzhou], 豬母菜, 煠菜, 茄茉菜 [Xiamen], 茄茉菜 [Quanzhou], 軍辣菜 [Quanzhou], 茄茉菜 [Jinjiang], 厚老菜, 茄茉菜 [Zhangzhou], 茄茉菜 [Zhao'an], 茄茉仔, 茄茉菜, 茄茉菜 [Kaohsiung], 茄茉仔 [Kaohsiung], 茄茉菜 [Dalinpu, Kaohsiung], 茄茉仔菜 [Dalinpu, Kaohsiung], 茄茉仔 [Yilan], 生疥菜 [Yilan], 茄茉菜 [Tainan], 禾菜, 厚合 [Chaozhou], 厚合菜, 厚合, 厚合 [Jieyang], 厚合菜 [Jieyang], 春不老 [Puxian-Min], 厚皮菜 [Southern-Pinghua, Nanning, Tingzi], 軟菜 [Wu, Ningbo], 莙薘 [Wu, Ningbo], 甜菜 [Wu, Wenzhou], 牛皮菜 [Wu, Wenzhou], 牛皮菜 [Xiang, Changsha], 豬婆菜 [Xiang, Changsha], 泥白菜 [Xiang, Changsha], 豬婆菜 [Xiang, Loudi], 甜菜, 牛耳菜
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "nodots": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "CE",
      "name": "C.E."
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "CE",
      "name": "CE"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "ira",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "pal",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Laufer, 1967"
      },
      "expansion": "Laufer, 1967",
      "name": "zh-ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "چغندر",
        "3": "",
        "4": "beet",
        "tr": "čoğondar"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tk",
        "2": "şuğundyr"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkmen şuğundyr",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Attested since the 5ᵗʰ century CE. The Jingxingji of the 8ᵗʰ century records that this vegetable was produced in the country of Mo-lu 末祿/末禄 (< *Mar-luk), perhaps referring to Merv in modern-day Turkmenistan.\nIt is an Iranian loan, corresponding to Middle Persian forms of the type of *gundar or *gundur (Laufer, 1967). Compare modern Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”), Turkmen şuğundyr, etc.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "莙荙",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Simplified Chinese"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "君達"
    },
    {
      "form": "軍薘"
    },
    {
      "form": "軍達"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "莙薘",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
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          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Amaranths and goosefoots",
          "orig": "zh:Amaranths and goosefoots",
          "parents": [
            "Caryophyllales order plants",
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "jūndácài",
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "roman": "jūndácài",
          "word": "莙荙菜"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)"
      ],
      "id": "en-莙薘-zh-noun-34tEa3Vw",
      "links": [
        [
          "chard",
          "chard"
        ],
        [
          "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris",
          "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "formal",
            "Standard-Chinese"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "formal",
            "Standard-Chinese"
          ],
          "word": "葉甜菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Harbin"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Luoyang"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Chengdu"
          ],
          "word": "厚皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Chengdu"
          ],
          "word": "牛皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Wuhan"
          ],
          "word": "甜白菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Guiyang"
          ],
          "word": "牛皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Liuzhou"
          ],
          "word": "豬肚菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Liuzhou"
          ],
          "word": "豬婆菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southwestern-Mandarin",
            "Nanning"
          ],
          "word": "牛皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Guangzhou"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Guangzhou"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Guangzhou"
          ],
          "word": "𣸛菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Hong-Kong"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Dongguan"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Dongguan"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Dongguan"
          ],
          "word": "甜菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "豬婆菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Yangjiang"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Nanning"
          ],
          "word": "厚皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese",
            "Nanning"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "豆腐菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "關辣菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "母豬菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "油菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Gan",
            "Nanchang"
          ],
          "word": "莙藍菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Gan",
            "Lichuan"
          ],
          "word": "莙菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Gan",
            "Pingxiang"
          ],
          "word": "莙菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Meixian"
          ],
          "word": "勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Meixian"
          ],
          "word": "豬食菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka"
          ],
          "word": "豬嫲菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Huicheng-Bendihua",
            "Huizhou"
          ],
          "word": "豬乸菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Huicheng-Bendihua",
            "Huizhou"
          ],
          "word": "勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Zengcheng"
          ],
          "word": "勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka"
          ],
          "word": "蒲勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Yudu"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Yudu"
          ],
          "word": "豬婆菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Sixian",
            "Miaoli",
            "Northern"
          ],
          "word": "勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Sixian",
            "Pingtung"
          ],
          "word": "勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka",
            "Hong-Kong"
          ],
          "word": "勺菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Jin",
            "Taiyuan"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Jian'ou"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Fuzhou"
          ],
          "word": "牛皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Fuzhou"
          ],
          "word": "豬母菜 suburbs"
        },
        {
          "word": "豬母菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "煠菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Xiamen"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Quanzhou"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Quanzhou"
          ],
          "word": "軍辣菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Jinjiang"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "厚老菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Zhangzhou"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Zhao'an"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "茄茉仔"
        },
        {
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Kaohsiung"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Kaohsiung"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉仔"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Dalinpu",
            "Kaohsiung"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Dalinpu",
            "Kaohsiung"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉仔菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Yilan"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉仔"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Yilan"
          ],
          "word": "生疥菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Tainan"
          ],
          "word": "茄茉菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "禾菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Chaozhou"
          ],
          "word": "厚合"
        },
        {
          "word": "厚合菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "厚合"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Jieyang"
          ],
          "word": "厚合"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Jieyang"
          ],
          "word": "厚合菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Puxian-Min"
          ],
          "word": "春不老"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Southern-Pinghua",
            "Nanning",
            "Tingzi"
          ],
          "word": "厚皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Wu",
            "Ningbo"
          ],
          "word": "軟菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Wu",
            "Ningbo"
          ],
          "word": "莙薘"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Wu",
            "Wenzhou"
          ],
          "word": "甜菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Wu",
            "Wenzhou"
          ],
          "word": "牛皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Xiang",
            "Changsha"
          ],
          "word": "牛皮菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Xiang",
            "Changsha"
          ],
          "word": "豬婆菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Xiang",
            "Changsha"
          ],
          "word": "泥白菜"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Xiang",
            "Loudi"
          ],
          "word": "豬婆菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "甜菜"
        },
        {
          "word": "牛耳菜"
        }
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Jingxingji",
        "Merv"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jūndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jùndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gwan¹ daat⁶"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyng¹ dah⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "gěng-duòi"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jūndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyundá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chün¹-ta²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyūn-dá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jiundar"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "цзюньда"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "czjunʹda"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jùndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyùndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chün⁴-ta²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyùn-dá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jiunndar"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gwān daaht"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gwan¹ daat⁹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "guen¹ dad⁶"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Taiyuan",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyng¹ dah⁵"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Taiyuan"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jian'ou",
        "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gěng-duòi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/",
      "tags": [
        "Jian'ou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kjun dat"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "莙薘"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "jūndácài",
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "roman": "jūndácài",
      "word": "莙荙菜"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "nodots": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "CE",
      "name": "C.E."
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "CE",
      "name": "CE"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "ira",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "pal",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Laufer, 1967"
      },
      "expansion": "Laufer, 1967",
      "name": "zh-ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "چغندر",
        "3": "",
        "4": "beet",
        "tr": "čoğondar"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tk",
        "2": "şuğundyr"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkmen şuğundyr",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Attested since the 5ᵗʰ century CE. The Jingxingji of the 8ᵗʰ century records that this vegetable was produced in the country of Mo-lu 末祿/末禄 (< *Mar-luk), perhaps referring to Merv in modern-day Turkmenistan.\nIt is an Iranian loan, corresponding to Middle Persian forms of the type of *gundar or *gundur (Laufer, 1967). Compare modern Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”), Turkmen şuğundyr, etc.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "莙荙",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Simplified Chinese"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "君達"
    },
    {
      "form": "軍薘"
    },
    {
      "form": "軍達"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "莙薘",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Cantonese lemmas",
        "Cantonese nouns",
        "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Chinese lemmas",
        "Chinese nouns",
        "Chinese terms borrowed from Iranian languages",
        "Chinese terms borrowed from Middle Persian",
        "Chinese terms derived from Iranian languages",
        "Chinese terms derived from Middle Persian",
        "Chinese terms spelled with 莙",
        "Chinese terms spelled with 薘",
        "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Jin lemmas",
        "Jin nouns",
        "Mandarin lemmas",
        "Mandarin nouns",
        "Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
        "Middle Chinese lemmas",
        "Middle Chinese nouns",
        "Northern Min lemmas",
        "Northern Min nouns",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "zh:Amaranths and goosefoots"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "chard",
          "chard"
        ],
        [
          "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris",
          "Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris"
        ]
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Jingxingji",
        "Merv"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jūndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jùndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gwan¹ daat⁶"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyng¹ dah⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "gěng-duòi"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jūndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyundá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chün¹-ta²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyūn-dá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jiundar"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "цзюньда"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "czjunʹda"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jùndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyùndá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chün⁴-ta²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyùn-dá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jiunndar"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gwān daaht"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gwan¹ daat⁹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "guen¹ dad⁶"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Taiyuan",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jyng¹ dah⁵"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Taiyuan"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jian'ou",
        "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "gěng-duòi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/",
      "tags": [
        "Jian'ou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kjun dat"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕỹŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "Standard-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "Standard-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "葉甜菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Harbin"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Luoyang"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Chengdu"
      ],
      "word": "厚皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Chengdu"
      ],
      "word": "牛皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Wuhan"
      ],
      "word": "甜白菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Guiyang"
      ],
      "word": "牛皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Liuzhou"
      ],
      "word": "豬肚菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Liuzhou"
      ],
      "word": "豬婆菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southwestern-Mandarin",
        "Nanning"
      ],
      "word": "牛皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangzhou"
      ],
      "word": "𣸛菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Dongguan"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Dongguan"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Dongguan"
      ],
      "word": "甜菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "豬婆菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yangjiang"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Nanning"
      ],
      "word": "厚皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Nanning"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "豆腐菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "關辣菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "豆腐菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "母豬菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "油菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gan",
        "Nanchang"
      ],
      "word": "莙藍菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gan",
        "Lichuan"
      ],
      "word": "莙菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gan",
        "Pingxiang"
      ],
      "word": "莙菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meixian"
      ],
      "word": "勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meixian"
      ],
      "word": "豬食菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "word": "豬嫲菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Huicheng-Bendihua",
        "Huizhou"
      ],
      "word": "豬乸菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Huicheng-Bendihua",
        "Huizhou"
      ],
      "word": "勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Zengcheng"
      ],
      "word": "勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "word": "豬嫲菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "word": "蒲勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Yudu"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Yudu"
      ],
      "word": "豬婆菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sixian",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern"
      ],
      "word": "勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sixian",
        "Pingtung"
      ],
      "word": "勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hong-Kong"
      ],
      "word": "勺菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jin",
        "Taiyuan"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jian'ou"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "word": "牛皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "word": "豬母菜 suburbs"
    },
    {
      "word": "豬母菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "煠菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "煠菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Xiamen"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Quanzhou"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Quanzhou"
      ],
      "word": "軍辣菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jinjiang"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "厚老菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Zhangzhou"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Zhao'an"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "茄茉仔"
    },
    {
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Kaohsiung"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Kaohsiung"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉仔"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Kaohsiung"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Dalinpu",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Dalinpu",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉仔菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Yilan"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉仔"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Yilan"
      ],
      "word": "生疥菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Tainan"
      ],
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "茄茉菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "禾菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chaozhou"
      ],
      "word": "厚合"
    },
    {
      "word": "厚合菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "厚合菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "厚合"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jieyang"
      ],
      "word": "厚合"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jieyang"
      ],
      "word": "厚合菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "word": "春不老"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "word": "春不老"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southern-Pinghua",
        "Nanning",
        "Tingzi"
      ],
      "word": "厚皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu",
        "Ningbo"
      ],
      "word": "軟菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu",
        "Ningbo"
      ],
      "word": "莙薘"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu",
        "Wenzhou"
      ],
      "word": "甜菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu",
        "Wenzhou"
      ],
      "word": "牛皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Xiang",
        "Changsha"
      ],
      "word": "牛皮菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Xiang",
        "Changsha"
      ],
      "word": "豬婆菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Xiang",
        "Changsha"
      ],
      "word": "泥白菜"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Xiang",
        "Loudi"
      ],
      "word": "豬婆菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "甜菜"
    },
    {
      "word": "牛耳菜"
    }
  ],
  "word": "莙薘"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 莙薘 meaning in Chinese (8.7kB)

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Northern Min'",
  "path": [
    "莙薘"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "莙薘",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "莙薘"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "莙薘",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "莙薘"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "莙薘",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Northern Min (KCR)'",
  "path": [
    "莙薘"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "莙薘",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "莙薘"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "莙薘",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.