"χελώνη" meaning in Ancient Greek

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "χελώνα",
            "g": "f",
            "gloss": "tortoise, turtle"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: χελώνα f (chelóna, “tortoise, turtle”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: χελώνα f (chelóna, “tortoise, turtle”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "quelonio",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Spanish: quelonio",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Spanish: quelonio"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mul",
            "2": "Chelonia",
            "3": "Chelonia",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Translingual: Chelonia, Chelonia",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Translingual: Chelonia, Chelonia"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "chelonian",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: chelonian",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: chelonian"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʰel(H)-ewH-",
        "t": "tortoise, turtle-like animal"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰel(H)-ewH- (“tortoise, turtle-like animal”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*žely",
        "t": "turtle, tortoise"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *žely (“turtle, tortoise”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "qsb-grc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Pre-Greek",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ǵʰelh₃-",
        "t": "green, yellow"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰel(H)-ewH- (“tortoise, turtle-like animal”), and compared with Proto-Slavic *žely (“turtle, tortoise”); also related to χέλυς (khélus, “tortoise”).\nHowever, Furnee and Chantraine consider the word a Pre-Greek borrowing based on the variant χέλυμνα (khélumna) (which yielded *χελυϝνα (*kheluwna) > χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē), χελύννα (khelúnna)) displaying μ/ϝ consonantal interchange, as well as the variant χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē) having -ῡ́ν- in its form, which is highly unusual if inherited from Proto-Indo-European.\nBeekes favors the Pre-Greek derivation, and additionally separates the Slavic words etymologically, considering the Slavic to derive from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). There doesn't seem to be a good reason to separate the Slavic terms, however; even if not inherited, there is a possibility that the Greek and Slavic terms were borrowed from the same substrate source, in addition to the *ǵʰelh₃- theory being rejected by linguists such as Schmeja.\nAnother theory by Mastrelli, based on work by Frisk, derives the word from χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip, jaw”), taking the tortoise as a \"sharp-jawed creature\".",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khelṓnē",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελώνης",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-decl",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "First declension",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ἡ χελώνη",
      "roman": "hē khelṓnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ χελώνᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ khelṓnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "αἱ χελῶναι",
      "roman": "hai khelônai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῆς χελώνης",
      "roman": "tês khelṓnēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν χελώναιν",
      "roman": "toîn khelṓnain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῶν χελωνῶν",
      "roman": "tôn khelōnôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῇ χελώνῃ",
      "roman": "têi khelṓnēi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν χελώναιν",
      "roman": "toîn khelṓnain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ταῖς χελώναις",
      "roman": "taîs khelṓnais",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὴν χελώνην",
      "roman": "tḕn khelṓnēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ χελώνᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ khelṓnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾱ̀ς χελώνᾱς",
      "roman": "tā̀s khelṓnās",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελώνη",
      "roman": "khelṓnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελώνᾱ",
      "roman": "khelṓnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελῶναι",
      "roman": "khelônai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "χελώνης",
        "2": "f",
        "3": "first"
      },
      "expansion": "χελώνη • (khelṓnē) f (genitive χελώνης); first declension",
      "name": "grc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "χελώνη",
        "2": "ης"
      },
      "name": "grc-decl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "grc",
          "name": "Reptiles",
          "orig": "grc:Reptiles",
          "parents": [
            "Vertebrates",
            "Chordates",
            "Animals",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "aspidokhelṓnē",
          "word": "ἀσπιδοχελώνη"
        },
        {
          "roman": "gerrhokhelṓnē",
          "word": "γερροχελώνη"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelōnárion",
          "word": "χελωνάριον"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelōnía",
          "word": "χελωνία"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelōniás",
          "word": "χελωνιάς"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelṓninos",
          "word": "χελώνινος"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelṓnion",
          "word": "χελώνιον"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelōnís",
          "word": "χελωνίς"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelōnoeidḗs",
          "word": "χελωνοειδής"
        },
        {
          "roman": "khelōnophágos",
          "word": "χελωνοφάγος"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "tortoise"
      ],
      "id": "en-χελώνη-grc-noun-Ik7GfIlH",
      "links": [
        [
          "tortoise",
          "tortoise"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰe.lɔ̌ː.nɛː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰe.lɔ̌ː.nɛː/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰeˈlo.ne̝/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "χελώνη"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "aspidokhelṓnē",
      "word": "ἀσπιδοχελώνη"
    },
    {
      "roman": "gerrhokhelṓnē",
      "word": "γερροχελώνη"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelōnárion",
      "word": "χελωνάριον"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelōnía",
      "word": "χελωνία"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelōniás",
      "word": "χελωνιάς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelṓninos",
      "word": "χελώνινος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelṓnion",
      "word": "χελώνιον"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelōnís",
      "word": "χελωνίς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelōnoeidḗs",
      "word": "χελωνοειδής"
    },
    {
      "roman": "khelōnophágos",
      "word": "χελωνοφάγος"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "χελώνα",
            "g": "f",
            "gloss": "tortoise, turtle"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: χελώνα f (chelóna, “tortoise, turtle”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: χελώνα f (chelóna, “tortoise, turtle”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "quelonio",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Spanish: quelonio",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Spanish: quelonio"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mul",
            "2": "Chelonia",
            "3": "Chelonia",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Translingual: Chelonia, Chelonia",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Translingual: Chelonia, Chelonia"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "chelonian",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: chelonian",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: chelonian"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʰel(H)-ewH-",
        "t": "tortoise, turtle-like animal"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰel(H)-ewH- (“tortoise, turtle-like animal”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*žely",
        "t": "turtle, tortoise"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *žely (“turtle, tortoise”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "qsb-grc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Pre-Greek",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ǵʰelh₃-",
        "t": "green, yellow"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰel(H)-ewH- (“tortoise, turtle-like animal”), and compared with Proto-Slavic *žely (“turtle, tortoise”); also related to χέλυς (khélus, “tortoise”).\nHowever, Furnee and Chantraine consider the word a Pre-Greek borrowing based on the variant χέλυμνα (khélumna) (which yielded *χελυϝνα (*kheluwna) > χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē), χελύννα (khelúnna)) displaying μ/ϝ consonantal interchange, as well as the variant χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē) having -ῡ́ν- in its form, which is highly unusual if inherited from Proto-Indo-European.\nBeekes favors the Pre-Greek derivation, and additionally separates the Slavic words etymologically, considering the Slavic to derive from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). There doesn't seem to be a good reason to separate the Slavic terms, however; even if not inherited, there is a possibility that the Greek and Slavic terms were borrowed from the same substrate source, in addition to the *ǵʰelh₃- theory being rejected by linguists such as Schmeja.\nAnother theory by Mastrelli, based on work by Frisk, derives the word from χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip, jaw”), taking the tortoise as a \"sharp-jawed creature\".",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khelṓnē",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελώνης",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-decl",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "First declension",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ἡ χελώνη",
      "roman": "hē khelṓnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ χελώνᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ khelṓnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "αἱ χελῶναι",
      "roman": "hai khelônai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῆς χελώνης",
      "roman": "tês khelṓnēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν χελώναιν",
      "roman": "toîn khelṓnain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῶν χελωνῶν",
      "roman": "tôn khelōnôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῇ χελώνῃ",
      "roman": "têi khelṓnēi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν χελώναιν",
      "roman": "toîn khelṓnain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ταῖς χελώναις",
      "roman": "taîs khelṓnais",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὴν χελώνην",
      "roman": "tḕn khelṓnēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ χελώνᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ khelṓnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾱ̀ς χελώνᾱς",
      "roman": "tā̀s khelṓnās",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελώνη",
      "roman": "khelṓnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελώνᾱ",
      "roman": "khelṓnā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "χελῶναι",
      "roman": "khelônai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "χελώνης",
        "2": "f",
        "3": "first"
      },
      "expansion": "χελώνη • (khelṓnē) f (genitive χελώνης); first declension",
      "name": "grc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "χελώνη",
        "2": "ης"
      },
      "name": "grc-decl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Ancient Greek 3-syllable words",
        "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
        "Ancient Greek feminine nouns",
        "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
        "Ancient Greek first-declension nouns",
        "Ancient Greek lemmas",
        "Ancient Greek nouns",
        "Ancient Greek paroxytone terms",
        "Ancient Greek terms borrowed from a Pre-Greek substrate",
        "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
        "Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "grc:Reptiles"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "tortoise"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "tortoise",
          "tortoise"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰe.lɔ̌ː.nɛː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰe.lɔ̌ː.nɛː/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰeˈlo.ne̝/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/çeˈlo.ni/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "χελώνη"
}