See πόνος in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "epíponos",
"word": "ἐπίπονος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "ponéō",
"word": "πονέω"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)penh₁-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)penh₁-",
"t": "to weave, to twist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, to twist”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πένομαι",
"t": "to exert oneself"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πένομαι (pénomai, “to exert oneself”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*spinnaną",
"t": "to spin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spinnaną (“to spin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pìnti",
"t": "to twist"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pìnti (“to twist”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, to twist”), with semantic shift \"weaving, stretching\" > \"tensing, strain\" > \"exertion, toil\". Cognate with Ancient Greek πένομαι (pénomai, “to exert oneself”), Proto-Germanic *spinnaną (“to spin”), and Lithuanian pìnti (“to twist”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pónos",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνου",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ὁ πόνος",
"roman": "ho pónos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πόνω",
"roman": "tṑ pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἱ πόνοι",
"roman": "hoi pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ πόνου",
"roman": "toû pónou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πόνοιν",
"roman": "toîn pónoin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν πόνων",
"roman": "tôn pónōn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ πόνῳ",
"roman": "tôi pónōi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πόνοιν",
"roman": "toîn pónoin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς πόνοις",
"roman": "toîs pónois",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸν πόνον",
"roman": "tòn pónon",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πόνω",
"roman": "tṑ pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοὺς πόνους",
"roman": "toùs pónous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνε",
"roman": "póne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοι",
"roman": "pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Epic declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνος",
"roman": "pónos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοι",
"roman": "pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνου",
"roman": "pónou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πονοῖο",
"roman": "ponoîo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοιο",
"roman": "pónoio",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πονόο",
"roman": "ponóo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοο",
"roman": "pónoo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοιῐν",
"roman": "pónoiĭn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνων",
"roman": "pónōn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνῳ",
"roman": "pónōi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοιῐν",
"roman": "pónoiĭn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοισῐ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοισῐν",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοις",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pónoisĭ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pónoisĭn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pónois",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνον",
"roman": "pónon",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνους",
"roman": "pónous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνε",
"roman": "póne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοι",
"roman": "pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πόνου",
"2": "m",
"3": "second"
},
"expansion": "πόνος • (pónos) m (genitive πόνου); second declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πόνος",
"2": "ου",
"form": "M"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "πόνος",
"2": "ου",
"dial": "epi",
"form": "M"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Toil brings toil through toil.",
"ref": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 866",
"roman": "pónos pónōi pónon phérei",
"text": "πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει"
}
],
"glosses": [
"labor, work (especially hard work; toil"
],
"id": "en-πόνος-grc-noun-qpTaQ0Xb",
"links": [
[
"labor",
"labor"
],
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"especially",
"especially"
],
[
"hard work",
"hard work"
],
[
"toil",
"toil"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bodily exertion, exercise"
],
"id": "en-πόνος-grc-noun-hLcuPWkj",
"links": [
[
"bodily",
"bodily"
],
[
"exertion",
"exertion"
],
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 15 32 22 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"work, task, business"
],
"id": "en-πόνος-grc-noun-g~57iGvj",
"links": [
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"task",
"task"
],
[
"business",
"business"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the consequence of toil, distress, trouble, suffering"
],
"id": "en-πόνος-grc-noun-KkPQ1LSe",
"links": [
[
"consequence",
"consequence"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 27 15 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 14 11 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 9 10 8 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"anything produced by work, a work"
],
"id": "en-πόνος-grc-noun-uUNuAelS",
"links": [
[
"anything",
"anything"
],
[
"produced",
"produced"
],
[
"work",
"work"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pó.nos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pó.nos/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πόνος"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek masculine nouns",
"Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek paroxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek second-declension nouns",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)penh₁-",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "epíponos",
"word": "ἐπίπονος"
},
{
"roman": "ponéō",
"word": "πονέω"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)penh₁-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)penh₁-",
"t": "to weave, to twist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, to twist”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πένομαι",
"t": "to exert oneself"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πένομαι (pénomai, “to exert oneself”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*spinnaną",
"t": "to spin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spinnaną (“to spin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pìnti",
"t": "to twist"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pìnti (“to twist”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, to twist”), with semantic shift \"weaving, stretching\" > \"tensing, strain\" > \"exertion, toil\". Cognate with Ancient Greek πένομαι (pénomai, “to exert oneself”), Proto-Germanic *spinnaną (“to spin”), and Lithuanian pìnti (“to twist”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pónos",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνου",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ὁ πόνος",
"roman": "ho pónos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πόνω",
"roman": "tṑ pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἱ πόνοι",
"roman": "hoi pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ πόνου",
"roman": "toû pónou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πόνοιν",
"roman": "toîn pónoin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν πόνων",
"roman": "tôn pónōn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ πόνῳ",
"roman": "tôi pónōi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πόνοιν",
"roman": "toîn pónoin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς πόνοις",
"roman": "toîs pónois",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸν πόνον",
"roman": "tòn pónon",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πόνω",
"roman": "tṑ pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοὺς πόνους",
"roman": "toùs pónous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνε",
"roman": "póne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοι",
"roman": "pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Epic declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνος",
"roman": "pónos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοι",
"roman": "pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνου",
"roman": "pónou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πονοῖο",
"roman": "ponoîo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοιο",
"roman": "pónoio",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πονόο",
"roman": "ponóo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοο",
"roman": "pónoo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοιῐν",
"roman": "pónoiĭn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνων",
"roman": "pónōn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνῳ",
"roman": "pónōi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοιῐν",
"roman": "pónoiĭn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοισῐ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοισῐν",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοις",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pónoisĭ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pónoisĭn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pónois",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνον",
"roman": "pónon",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνους",
"roman": "pónous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνε",
"roman": "póne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνω",
"roman": "pónō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πόνοι",
"roman": "pónoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πόνου",
"2": "m",
"3": "second"
},
"expansion": "πόνος • (pónos) m (genitive πόνου); second declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πόνος",
"2": "ου",
"form": "M"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "πόνος",
"2": "ου",
"dial": "epi",
"form": "M"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Toil brings toil through toil.",
"ref": "497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 866",
"roman": "pónos pónōi pónon phérei",
"text": "πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει"
}
],
"glosses": [
"labor, work (especially hard work; toil"
],
"links": [
[
"labor",
"labor"
],
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"especially",
"especially"
],
[
"hard work",
"hard work"
],
[
"toil",
"toil"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bodily exertion, exercise"
],
"links": [
[
"bodily",
"bodily"
],
[
"exertion",
"exertion"
],
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"work, task, business"
],
"links": [
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"task",
"task"
],
[
"business",
"business"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the consequence of toil, distress, trouble, suffering"
],
"links": [
[
"consequence",
"consequence"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"anything produced by work, a work"
],
"links": [
[
"anything",
"anything"
],
[
"produced",
"produced"
],
[
"work",
"work"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pó.nos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pó.nos/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpo.nos/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πόνος"
}
Download raw JSONL data for πόνος meaning in Ancient Greek (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.