See παρά in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "para-",
"word": "παρα-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*pərai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pərai",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*preh₂-",
"t": "before, in front"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀞𐀫",
"tr": "pa-ro"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ante"
},
"expansion": "Latin ante",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).\nThe genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "πᾰρᾰ́",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "părắ",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰ́ρ",
"roman": "pắr",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰρ’",
"roman": "păr’",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰ́ρᾰ",
"roman": "pắră",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰραί",
"roman": "păraí",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πᾰρᾰ́",
"2": "gen",
"3": "dat",
"4": "acc"
},
"expansion": "πᾰρᾰ́ • (părắ) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)",
"name": "grc-preposition"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with genitive]",
"from"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-7Xn9RON6",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "gen"
},
"expansion": "[with genitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"from",
"from"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with genitive]",
"because of"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-ICjKgp0A",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "gen"
},
"expansion": "[with genitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"because of",
"because of"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to stay at someone's house/home",
"roman": "ménein parà tisí",
"text": "μένειν παρὰ τισί",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with dative]"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-II1FnedZ",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "dat"
},
"expansion": "[with dative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"dative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with dative]",
"at, beside, by, near"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-jW0RcxA2",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "dat"
},
"expansion": "[with dative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"dative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"at",
"at"
],
[
"beside",
"beside"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 8 8 44 11 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 14 14 14 19 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 4 4 61 12 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mycenaean Greek terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 2 2 56 12 2 0 0 2 5 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 1 1 66 14 1 0 0 1 3 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with accusative]",
"contrary to"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-MHTIZLPo",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"contrary to",
"contrary to"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with accusative]",
"beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-TPzWX0Bh",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"beside",
"beside"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 11 11 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Accusative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 17 17 14 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"parents": [
"Dative prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 12 12 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"parents": [
"Genitive prepositions",
"Prepositions",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "stand by/beside me",
"roman": "par’ ém’ hístaso",
"text": "παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with accusative]"
],
"id": "en-παρά-grc-prep-ZPLPJJHe",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pa.rá/"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pa.rá/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "παρά"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek accusative prepositions",
"Ancient Greek dative prepositions",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek genitive prepositions",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek prepositions",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Mycenaean Greek terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "para-",
"word": "παρα-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*pərai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pərai",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*preh₂-",
"t": "before, in front"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀞𐀫",
"tr": "pa-ro"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ante"
},
"expansion": "Latin ante",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).\nThe genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "πᾰρᾰ́",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "părắ",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰ́ρ",
"roman": "pắr",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰρ’",
"roman": "păr’",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰ́ρᾰ",
"roman": "pắră",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "πᾰραί",
"roman": "păraí",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πᾰρᾰ́",
"2": "gen",
"3": "dat",
"4": "acc"
},
"expansion": "πᾰρᾰ́ • (părắ) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)",
"name": "grc-preposition"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"[with genitive]",
"from"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "gen"
},
"expansion": "[with genitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"from",
"from"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"[with genitive]",
"because of"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "gen"
},
"expansion": "[with genitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"because of",
"because of"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to stay at someone's house/home",
"roman": "ménein parà tisí",
"text": "μένειν παρὰ τισί",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with dative]"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "dat"
},
"expansion": "[with dative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"dative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with usage examples"
],
"glosses": [
"[with dative]",
"at, beside, by, near"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "dat"
},
"expansion": "[with dative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"dative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"at",
"at"
],
[
"beside",
"beside"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"[with accusative]",
"contrary to"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"contrary to",
"contrary to"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"[with accusative]",
"beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"beside",
"beside"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "stand by/beside me",
"roman": "par’ ém’ hístaso",
"text": "παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"[with accusative]"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative",
"with-genitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pa.rá/"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pa.rá/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/paˈra/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "παρά"
}
Download raw JSONL data for παρά meaning in Ancient Greek (5.1kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''[with accusative]'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"παρά"
],
"section": "Ancient Greek",
"subsection": "preposition",
"title": "παρά",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.