See κόγχη in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kónx",
"word": "κόγξ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhalízō",
"word": "κογχᾰλῐ́ζω"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhárion",
"word": "κογχᾰ́ρῐον"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhízō",
"word": "κογχῐ́ζω"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhíon",
"word": "κογχῐ́ον"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhī́tēs",
"word": "κογχῑ́της"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhogenḗs",
"word": "κογχογενής"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhoeidḗs",
"word": "κογχοειδής"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhothḗrās",
"word": "κογχοθήρᾱς"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhṓdēs",
"word": "κογχώδης"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhōtós",
"word": "κογχωτός"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "concha",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: concha",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: concha (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "qsb-grc"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "शङ्ख",
"t": "conch, mussel",
"tr": "śaṅkhá-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkhá-, “conch, mussel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κόγχος"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of κόγχος (kónkhos)",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Pre-Greek, especially in view of the cluster -γχ- (-nkh-), which points to prenasalization in Pre-Greek terms. Compare καγκύλας (kankúlas, “mussel”) and κόχλος (kókhlos, “spiral conch, snail”), which both exhibit conclusively Pre-Greek variation.\nPossibly related to Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkhá-, “conch, mussel”), but not by common inheritance from Proto-Indo-European. Doublet of κόγχος (kónkhos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kónkhē",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχης",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-1",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "First declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ἡ κόγχη",
"roman": "hē kónkhē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ κόγχᾱ",
"roman": "tṑ kónkhā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "αἱ κόγχαι",
"roman": "hai kónkhai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῆς κόγχης",
"roman": "tês kónkhēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν κόγχαιν",
"roman": "toîn kónkhain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν κογχῶν",
"roman": "tôn konkhôn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῇ κόγχῃ",
"roman": "têi kónkhēi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν κόγχαιν",
"roman": "toîn kónkhain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ταῖς κόγχαις",
"roman": "taîs kónkhais",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὴν κόγχην",
"roman": "tḕn kónkhēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ κόγχᾱ",
"roman": "tṑ kónkhā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾱ̀ς κόγχᾱς",
"roman": "tā̀s kónkhās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχη",
"roman": "kónkhē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχᾱ",
"roman": "kónkhā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχαι",
"roman": "kónkhai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "κόγχης",
"2": "f",
"3": "first"
},
"expansion": "κόγχη • (kónkhē) f (genitive κόγχης); first declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "κόγχη",
"2": "ης"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kónkhos",
"word": "κόγχος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "konkhúlē",
"word": "κογχῠ́λη"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"mussel, cockle"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun--bLc8oDw",
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"cockle",
"cockle"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mussel, cockle",
"shell-full"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun-E6-ixs6S",
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"cockle",
"cockle"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "grc:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 20 20 12 14 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"hollow of the ear"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun-MPUZLNOT",
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"shell-like",
"shell-like"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
],
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"ear",
"ear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"(anatomy) hollow of the ear"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "grc:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 15 42 8 10 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 20 20 12 14 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 9 59 4 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 6 76 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 12 61 4 7 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Architecture",
"orig": "grc:Architecture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 23 61 3 3 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Body parts",
"orig": "grc:Body parts",
"parents": [
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 8 49 3 3 33",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Units of measure",
"orig": "grc:Units of measure",
"parents": [
"Metrology",
"Quantity",
"Applied sciences",
"Mathematics",
"Sciences",
"Formal sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 24 14 30 2 2 5",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Bivalves",
"orig": "grc:Bivalves",
"parents": [
"Mollusks",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"kneepan"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun-A5RuLHwX",
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"shell-like",
"shell-like"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
],
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"kneepan",
"kneepan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"(anatomy) kneepan"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 6 20 20 12 14 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"case around a seal attached to documents"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun-RjQo9qQD",
"links": [
[
"case",
"case"
],
[
"seal",
"seal"
],
[
"document",
"document"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 6 20 20 12 14 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"niche for a statue; apse"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun-3oIbljRF",
"links": [
[
"niche",
"niche"
],
[
"statue",
"statue"
],
[
"apse",
"apse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Geometry",
"orig": "grc:Geometry",
"parents": [
"Mathematics",
"Formal sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 20 20 12 14 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fourth part of a sphere"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-κόγχη-grc-noun--JW5Y9Uj",
"links": [
[
"geometry",
"geometry"
],
[
"fourth",
"fourth"
],
[
"sphere",
"sphere"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geometry) fourth part of a sphere"
],
"topics": [
"geometry",
"mathematics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kóŋ.kʰɛː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kóŋ.kʰɛː/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoŋ.kʰe̝/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "κόγχη"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek doublets",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek feminine nouns",
"Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Ancient Greek first-declension nouns",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek paroxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for quotations in Ancient Greek",
"grc:Architecture",
"grc:Bivalves",
"grc:Body parts",
"grc:Units of measure"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "kónx",
"word": "κόγξ"
},
{
"roman": "konkhalízō",
"word": "κογχᾰλῐ́ζω"
},
{
"roman": "konkhárion",
"word": "κογχᾰ́ρῐον"
},
{
"roman": "konkhízō",
"word": "κογχῐ́ζω"
},
{
"roman": "konkhíon",
"word": "κογχῐ́ον"
},
{
"roman": "konkhī́tēs",
"word": "κογχῑ́της"
},
{
"roman": "konkhogenḗs",
"word": "κογχογενής"
},
{
"roman": "konkhoeidḗs",
"word": "κογχοειδής"
},
{
"roman": "konkhothḗrās",
"word": "κογχοθήρᾱς"
},
{
"roman": "konkhṓdēs",
"word": "κογχώδης"
},
{
"roman": "konkhōtós",
"word": "κογχωτός"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "concha",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: concha",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: concha (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "qsb-grc"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "शङ्ख",
"t": "conch, mussel",
"tr": "śaṅkhá-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkhá-, “conch, mussel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κόγχος"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of κόγχος (kónkhos)",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Pre-Greek, especially in view of the cluster -γχ- (-nkh-), which points to prenasalization in Pre-Greek terms. Compare καγκύλας (kankúlas, “mussel”) and κόχλος (kókhlos, “spiral conch, snail”), which both exhibit conclusively Pre-Greek variation.\nPossibly related to Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkhá-, “conch, mussel”), but not by common inheritance from Proto-Indo-European. Doublet of κόγχος (kónkhos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kónkhē",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχης",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-1",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "First declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ἡ κόγχη",
"roman": "hē kónkhē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ κόγχᾱ",
"roman": "tṑ kónkhā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "αἱ κόγχαι",
"roman": "hai kónkhai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῆς κόγχης",
"roman": "tês kónkhēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν κόγχαιν",
"roman": "toîn kónkhain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν κογχῶν",
"roman": "tôn konkhôn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῇ κόγχῃ",
"roman": "têi kónkhēi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν κόγχαιν",
"roman": "toîn kónkhain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ταῖς κόγχαις",
"roman": "taîs kónkhais",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὴν κόγχην",
"roman": "tḕn kónkhēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ κόγχᾱ",
"roman": "tṑ kónkhā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾱ̀ς κόγχᾱς",
"roman": "tā̀s kónkhās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχη",
"roman": "kónkhē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχᾱ",
"roman": "kónkhā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "κόγχαι",
"roman": "kónkhai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "κόγχης",
"2": "f",
"3": "first"
},
"expansion": "κόγχη • (kónkhē) f (genitive κόγχης); first declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "κόγχη",
"2": "ης"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "kónkhos",
"word": "κόγχος"
},
{
"roman": "konkhúlē",
"word": "κογχῠ́λη"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"mussel, cockle"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"cockle",
"cockle"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mussel, cockle",
"shell-full"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"cockle",
"cockle"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"grc:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"hollow of the ear"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"shell-like",
"shell-like"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
],
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"ear",
"ear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"(anatomy) hollow of the ear"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"grc:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"kneepan"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"mussel",
"mussel"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"shell-like",
"shell-like"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
],
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"kneepan",
"kneepan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"anything like a mussel shell, especially a shell-like cavity in the body:",
"(anatomy) kneepan"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"case around a seal attached to documents"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"case",
"case"
],
[
"seal",
"seal"
],
[
"document",
"document"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"niche for a statue; apse"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"niche",
"niche"
],
[
"statue",
"statue"
],
[
"apse",
"apse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"grc:Geometry"
],
"glosses": [
"fourth part of a sphere"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"geometry",
"geometry"
],
[
"fourth",
"fourth"
],
[
"sphere",
"sphere"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geometry) fourth part of a sphere"
],
"topics": [
"geometry",
"mathematics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kóŋ.kʰɛː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kóŋ.kʰɛː/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoŋ.kʰe̝/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkoɲ.çi/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "κόγχη"
}
Download raw JSONL data for κόγχη meaning in Ancient Greek (7.0kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1713/20221215",
"msg": "later head without list of senses,template node #, κόγχη/Ancient Greek",
"path": [
"κόγχη"
],
"section": "Ancient Greek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "κόγχη",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.