"sculan" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "*sċola"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "sċyld"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "schulen"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: schulen\nEnglish: shall, should\nScots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)\nYola: shell, shall, shul",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: schulen\nEnglish: shall, should\nScots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)\nYola: shell, shall, shul"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "ine-pro",
        "inh": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*skulan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*skulaną",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to owe"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "skela"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian skela",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "skulan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon skulan",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "sculan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German sculan",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "skulu"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse skulu",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”).\nCognate with Old Frisian skela, Old Saxon skulan, Old High German sculan, Old Norse skulu, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sċulan",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċulan",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċeal",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċealt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċoldest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċeal",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċulon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċoldon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċyle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċylen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sċulan"
      },
      "expansion": "sċulan",
      "name": "ang-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sċulan<pp>"
      },
      "name": "ang-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Strong people like us should bear the burden of the weak.",
          "text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"Likewise of Saint Peter\"\nWē strange sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "If we've accepted good things from God's hand, why shouldn't we accept bad things too?",
          "text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"The First Sunday in September\"\nĠif wē gōd underfēngon of Godes handa, hwȳ ne sċulon wē ēac yfel underfōn?",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Yes lord, and what if I find someone like that? What kind of reward should I promise them?",
          "text": "The Legend of St. Andrew\nĠēa hlāford, and hwæt ġif iċ swelcne mann ġemēte? Hwelċe mēde sċeal iċ him behātan?",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "No one should harass a miserably sick person, but they should be taken to the doctor so they can be treated.",
          "text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nNe sċeal nān mann sēocne mannan and ġesārgodne swenċan, ac hine man sċeal lǣdan tō þām lǣċe þæt hē his tiliġe.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Let's send spies who can survey the land and tell us which way we should go and to what cities.",
          "roman": "Uton sendan sċēaweras þæt sċēawiġen þæt land and cȳðen ūs on hwelcne weġ wē faran sċulon and tō hwelcum burgum.",
          "text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 1:22",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "should"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-ang-verb--GsfYqhV",
      "links": [
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) should"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Fate goes always as it must.",
          "roman": "Gǣþ ā wyrd swā hēo sċeal.",
          "text": "Beowulf, line 455",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.",
          "text": "c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nSēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The word \"to want\" has no imperative, because the will must always be free.",
          "text": "c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English\nÞæt word willan næfþ nān bebēodendlīċ, for þon þe sē willa sċeal bēon ǣfre frī.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The businessmen looked at him very closely and tried to figure out what kind of person he must be.",
          "text": "c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints\nÞā behēoldon swīðe ġeorne þā ċeapmenn hine, and be him on ġeþance smēadon hwæt manna hē bēon sċolde.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "must"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-ang-verb-QTewHhOV",
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) must"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Every day I have to plow a full acre or more.",
          "roman": "Ǣlċe dæġe iċ sċeal erian fulne æcer oþþe mā.",
          "text": "early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Augustine said, \"If the Celts don't want peace with us, they'll have to perish at the hands [lit. \"hand\"] of the Saxons.\"",
          "roman": "Augustīnus cwæþ, \"Ġif Wēalas nyllaþ sibbe wiþ ūs, hīe sċulon æt Seaxena handa forweorðan.\"",
          "text": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 605",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Didn't I say before that if you want to feel someone's bare body, you have to feel it with your bare hands?",
          "text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies\nHū, ne sæġde iċ ǣr þæt sē þe bær līċ ġefrēdan wolde, þæt hē hit sċolde mid barum handum ġefrēdan?",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Since I have some long stories to tell, I don't think I can finish them in this book, so I'll have to start another one.",
          "text": "late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans\nNe wēne iċ, nū iċ lang spell hæbbe tō seċġenne, þæt iċ hīe on þisse bēċ ġeendian mæġe, ac iċ ōðre onġinnan sċeal.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to have to"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-ang-verb-7wErl4YX",
      "links": [
        [
          "have",
          "have"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) to have to"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 6 10 32 35",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Though he was supposedly a Christian, he refused to show any respect for the Christian religion.",
          "text": "late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History\nÞēah þe hē cristen bēon sċolde, nolde hē nāne āre witan þǣre cristenan ǣfæstnesse.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "I know you've heard a lot of made-up old stories about how Jupiter, Saturn's son, was supposedly the supreme god over all other gods, and he was supposedly the son of the sky and supposedly ruled in the heavens, and giants supposedly were the sons of the Earth and supposedly ruled over Earth, and they were supposedly like cousins because he was supposed to be from the sky while the giants were from the Earth. Then the giants supposedly got jealous that he had their kingdom and wanted to destroy the sky from under him. Then he supposedly sent thunder and lightning and winds and destroyed all their work and killed the giants.",
          "text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nIċ wāt þæt þū ġehīerdest oft reċċan on ealdum lēasum spellum þætte Iob Sāturnes sunu sċolde bēon þæt hīehste god ofer eall ōðru godu, and hē sċolde bēon þæs heofones sunu and sċolde rīcsian on heofonum, and sċolden gigantas bēon eorðan suna and þā sċolden rīcsian ofer eorðan, and þā sċolden hīe bēon swelċe hīe wǣron ġesweostrenu bearn, for þon þe hē sċolde bēon heofones sunu and hīe eorðan, and þā sċolde þām gigantum ofþynċan þæt hē hæfde heora rīċe, wolden þā tōbrecan þone heofon under him. Þā sċolde hē sendan þunras and līeġete and windas, and tōweorpan eall heora ġeweorc mid, and hīe selfe ofslēan.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be supposed to do something (used like \"supposedly\" or \"they say...\")"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-ang-verb-YcjbUF3a",
      "links": [
        [
          "be supposed to",
          "be supposed to"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 6 10 32 35",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "When the debtors had all been gathered together, he asked the first one, \"How much do you owe my master?\"",
          "roman": "Þā þā gafolġieldan ġegaderode wǣron, þā sæġde hē þām forman, \"Hū miċel sċealt þū mīnum hlāforde?\"",
          "text": "c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:5",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to owe"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-ang-verb-PjW-u7hu",
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to owe"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 6 10 32 35",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "will (indicating the future)"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-ang-verb-Z0vQXeGM",
      "links": [
        [
          "will",
          "will"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) will (indicating the future)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈʃu.lɑn/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "sċeolan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "sculan"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "inh": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*skulan",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to owe"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan (“to owe”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *skulan (“to owe”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "sculan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old High German",
  "lang_code": "goh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to shall"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-goh-verb-8-91X8G-",
      "links": [
        [
          "shall",
          "shall"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 70 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to owe"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-goh-verb-PjW-u7hu",
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to ought"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-goh-verb-MRqNSjxb",
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "sculan"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "sculan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Saxon",
  "lang_code": "osx",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "skulan"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Saxon entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative spelling of skulan"
      ],
      "id": "en-sculan-osx-verb-5iUDlxES",
      "links": [
        [
          "skulan",
          "skulan#Old Saxon"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "sculan"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English preterite-present verbs",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English verbs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "*sċola"
    },
    {
      "word": "sċyld"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "schulen"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: schulen\nEnglish: shall, should\nScots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)\nYola: shell, shall, shul",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: schulen\nEnglish: shall, should\nScots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)\nYola: shell, shall, shul"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "ine-pro",
        "inh": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*skulan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*skulaną",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to owe"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "skela"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian skela",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "skulan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon skulan",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "sculan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German sculan",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "skulu"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse skulu",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”).\nCognate with Old Frisian skela, Old Saxon skulan, Old High German sculan, Old Norse skulu, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sċulan",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċulan",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċeal",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċealt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċoldest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċeal",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċulon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċoldon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċyle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċylen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sċolden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sċulan"
      },
      "expansion": "sċulan",
      "name": "ang-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sċulan<pp>"
      },
      "name": "ang-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English auxiliary verbs",
        "Old English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Strong people like us should bear the burden of the weak.",
          "text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"Likewise of Saint Peter\"\nWē strange sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "If we've accepted good things from God's hand, why shouldn't we accept bad things too?",
          "text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"The First Sunday in September\"\nĠif wē gōd underfēngon of Godes handa, hwȳ ne sċulon wē ēac yfel underfōn?",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Yes lord, and what if I find someone like that? What kind of reward should I promise them?",
          "text": "The Legend of St. Andrew\nĠēa hlāford, and hwæt ġif iċ swelcne mann ġemēte? Hwelċe mēde sċeal iċ him behātan?",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "No one should harass a miserably sick person, but they should be taken to the doctor so they can be treated.",
          "text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nNe sċeal nān mann sēocne mannan and ġesārgodne swenċan, ac hine man sċeal lǣdan tō þām lǣċe þæt hē his tiliġe.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Let's send spies who can survey the land and tell us which way we should go and to what cities.",
          "roman": "Uton sendan sċēaweras þæt sċēawiġen þæt land and cȳðen ūs on hwelcne weġ wē faran sċulon and tō hwelcum burgum.",
          "text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 1:22",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "should"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) should"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English auxiliary verbs",
        "Old English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Fate goes always as it must.",
          "roman": "Gǣþ ā wyrd swā hēo sċeal.",
          "text": "Beowulf, line 455",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.",
          "text": "c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nSēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The word \"to want\" has no imperative, because the will must always be free.",
          "text": "c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English\nÞæt word willan næfþ nān bebēodendlīċ, for þon þe sē willa sċeal bēon ǣfre frī.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The businessmen looked at him very closely and tried to figure out what kind of person he must be.",
          "text": "c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints\nÞā behēoldon swīðe ġeorne þā ċeapmenn hine, and be him on ġeþance smēadon hwæt manna hē bēon sċolde.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "must"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) must"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English auxiliary verbs",
        "Old English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Every day I have to plow a full acre or more.",
          "roman": "Ǣlċe dæġe iċ sċeal erian fulne æcer oþþe mā.",
          "text": "early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Augustine said, \"If the Celts don't want peace with us, they'll have to perish at the hands [lit. \"hand\"] of the Saxons.\"",
          "roman": "Augustīnus cwæþ, \"Ġif Wēalas nyllaþ sibbe wiþ ūs, hīe sċulon æt Seaxena handa forweorðan.\"",
          "text": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 605",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Didn't I say before that if you want to feel someone's bare body, you have to feel it with your bare hands?",
          "text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies\nHū, ne sæġde iċ ǣr þæt sē þe bær līċ ġefrēdan wolde, þæt hē hit sċolde mid barum handum ġefrēdan?",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Since I have some long stories to tell, I don't think I can finish them in this book, so I'll have to start another one.",
          "text": "late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans\nNe wēne iċ, nū iċ lang spell hæbbe tō seċġenne, þæt iċ hīe on þisse bēċ ġeendian mæġe, ac iċ ōðre onġinnan sċeal.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to have to"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "have",
          "have"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) to have to"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Though he was supposedly a Christian, he refused to show any respect for the Christian religion.",
          "text": "late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History\nÞēah þe hē cristen bēon sċolde, nolde hē nāne āre witan þǣre cristenan ǣfæstnesse.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "I know you've heard a lot of made-up old stories about how Jupiter, Saturn's son, was supposedly the supreme god over all other gods, and he was supposedly the son of the sky and supposedly ruled in the heavens, and giants supposedly were the sons of the Earth and supposedly ruled over Earth, and they were supposedly like cousins because he was supposed to be from the sky while the giants were from the Earth. Then the giants supposedly got jealous that he had their kingdom and wanted to destroy the sky from under him. Then he supposedly sent thunder and lightning and winds and destroyed all their work and killed the giants.",
          "text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nIċ wāt þæt þū ġehīerdest oft reċċan on ealdum lēasum spellum þætte Iob Sāturnes sunu sċolde bēon þæt hīehste god ofer eall ōðru godu, and hē sċolde bēon þæs heofones sunu and sċolde rīcsian on heofonum, and sċolden gigantas bēon eorðan suna and þā sċolden rīcsian ofer eorðan, and þā sċolden hīe bēon swelċe hīe wǣron ġesweostrenu bearn, for þon þe hē sċolde bēon heofones sunu and hīe eorðan, and þā sċolde þām gigantum ofþynċan þæt hē hæfde heora rīċe, wolden þā tōbrecan þone heofon under him. Þā sċolde hē sendan þunras and līeġete and windas, and tōweorpan eall heora ġeweorc mid, and hīe selfe ofslēan.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be supposed to do something (used like \"supposedly\" or \"they say...\")"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "be supposed to",
          "be supposed to"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with quotations",
        "Old English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "When the debtors had all been gathered together, he asked the first one, \"How much do you owe my master?\"",
          "roman": "Þā þā gafolġieldan ġegaderode wǣron, þā sæġde hē þām forman, \"Hū miċel sċealt þū mīnum hlāforde?\"",
          "text": "c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:5",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to owe"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to owe"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English auxiliary verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "will (indicating the future)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "will",
          "will"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(auxiliary) will (indicating the future)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈʃu.lɑn/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "sċeolan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "sculan"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old High German lemmas",
    "Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old High German verbs"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "inh": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*skulan",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to owe"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan (“to owe”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *skulan (“to owe”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "sculan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old High German",
  "lang_code": "goh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to shall"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "shall",
          "shall"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to owe"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to ought"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "sculan"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "sculan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Saxon",
  "lang_code": "osx",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "skulan"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Old Saxon entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Saxon lemmas",
        "Old Saxon verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative spelling of skulan"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "skulan",
          "skulan#Old Saxon"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "sculan"
}