See runga on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "en",
"3": "rung"
},
"expansion": "English rung",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hrung"
},
"expansion": "Old English hrung",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hrungu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hrungu",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hrungō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hrungō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English rung, from Old English hrung, from Proto-West Germanic *hrungu, from Proto-Germanic *hrungō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "runga",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rungaí",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rangán",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ronga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ronnsa",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ronsa",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "rungaí",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "runga",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "runga m (genitive singular runga, nominative plural rungaí)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "~",
"3": "~í"
},
"expansion": "runga m (genitive singular runga, nominative plural rungaí)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 19 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 21 21 0 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 21 21 0 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rung (crosspiece forming a step of a ladder; crosspiece between legs of a chair)"
],
"id": "en-runga-ga-noun-BnOkLRCl",
"links": [
[
"rung",
"rung"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"banister (vertical support of a handrail)"
],
"id": "en-runga-ga-noun-6NXp9DNP",
"links": [
[
"banister",
"banister"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"rung, step (position in hierarchy)"
],
"id": "en-runga-ga-noun-G4C6ysd3",
"links": [
[
"step",
"step"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mi",
"2": "adverb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "mi-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Maori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"upwards, up"
],
"id": "en-runga-mi-adv-cLYjQUkq",
"links": [
[
"upwards",
"upwards"
],
[
"up",
"up"
]
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mi",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Maori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Maori entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Maori prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"above, over, upon"
],
"id": "en-runga-mi-prep--73SYLFY",
"links": [
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"over",
"over"
],
[
"upon",
"upon"
]
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rungar",
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"tags": [
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "rungat",
"tags": [
"supine"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"supine"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"supine"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "runge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"dated",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"dated",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"dated",
"passive",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"dated",
"passive",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"10": "runga",
"2": "verbs",
"3": "present",
"4": "rungar",
"5": "preterite",
"6": "rungade",
"7": "supine",
"8": "rungat",
"9": "imperative",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "runga (present rungar, preterite rungade, supine rungat, imperative runga)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nop": "1",
"nopp": "1"
},
"name": "sv-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "resounding applause",
"text": "rungande applåder",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The result of the vote was a resounding no",
"text": "Resultatet av omröstningen blev ett rungande nej",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The room resounded with laughter",
"text": "Rummet rungade av skratt",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a powerful (\"resounding\") slap over the side of the head (idiomatic)",
"text": "en rungade örfil",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to resound (including figuratively)"
],
"id": "en-runga-sv-verb-GiszsNjR",
"links": [
[
"resound",
"resound"
]
],
"qualifier": "often in the present participle \"rungande\"",
"raw_glosses": [
"(often in the present participle \"rungande\") to resound (including figuratively)"
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ve",
"2": "bnt-pro",
"3": "*-tʊ́nga"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ve",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Venda",
"lang_code": "ve",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Venda entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to sew"
],
"id": "en-runga-ve-verb-ZJ~JTPGi",
"links": [
[
"sew",
"sew"
]
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Irish lemmas",
"Irish masculine nouns",
"Irish nouns",
"Irish terms derived from English",
"Irish terms derived from Old English",
"Irish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Irish terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "en",
"3": "rung"
},
"expansion": "English rung",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hrung"
},
"expansion": "Old English hrung",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hrungu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hrungu",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hrungō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hrungō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English rung, from Old English hrung, from Proto-West Germanic *hrungu, from Proto-Germanic *hrungō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "runga",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rungaí",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rangán",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ronga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ronnsa",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ronsa",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "rungaí",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "runga",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "runga m (genitive singular runga, nominative plural rungaí)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "~",
"3": "~í"
},
"expansion": "runga m (genitive singular runga, nominative plural rungaí)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"rung (crosspiece forming a step of a ladder; crosspiece between legs of a chair)"
],
"links": [
[
"rung",
"rung"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"banister (vertical support of a handrail)"
],
"links": [
[
"banister",
"banister"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"rung, step (position in hierarchy)"
],
"links": [
[
"step",
"step"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Maori adverbs",
"Maori entries with incorrect language header",
"Maori lemmas",
"Maori prepositions",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mi",
"2": "adverb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "mi-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Maori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"upwards, up"
],
"links": [
[
"upwards",
"upwards"
],
[
"up",
"up"
]
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Maori adverbs",
"Maori entries with incorrect language header",
"Maori lemmas",
"Maori prepositions",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mi",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Maori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"above, over, upon"
],
"links": [
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"over",
"over"
],
[
"upon",
"upon"
]
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rungar",
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"tags": [
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "rungat",
"tags": [
"supine"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"supine"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive",
"supine"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "runga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "runge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"dated",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungade",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"dated",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"dated",
"passive",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"dated",
"passive",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rungande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"10": "runga",
"2": "verbs",
"3": "present",
"4": "rungar",
"5": "preterite",
"6": "rungade",
"7": "supine",
"8": "rungat",
"9": "imperative",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "runga (present rungar, preterite rungade, supine rungat, imperative runga)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nop": "1",
"nopp": "1"
},
"name": "sv-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish terms with usage examples",
"Swedish verbs",
"Swedish weak verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "resounding applause",
"text": "rungande applåder",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The result of the vote was a resounding no",
"text": "Resultatet av omröstningen blev ett rungande nej",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The room resounded with laughter",
"text": "Rummet rungade av skratt",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a powerful (\"resounding\") slap over the side of the head (idiomatic)",
"text": "en rungade örfil",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to resound (including figuratively)"
],
"links": [
[
"resound",
"resound"
]
],
"qualifier": "often in the present participle \"rungande\"",
"raw_glosses": [
"(often in the present participle \"rungande\") to resound (including figuratively)"
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ve",
"2": "bnt-pro",
"3": "*-tʊ́nga"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ve",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "runga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Venda",
"lang_code": "ve",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Venda entries with incorrect language header",
"Venda lemmas",
"Venda terms derived from Proto-Bantu",
"Venda terms inherited from Proto-Bantu",
"Venda verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to sew"
],
"links": [
[
"sew",
"sew"
]
]
}
],
"word": "runga"
}
Download raw JSONL data for runga meaning in All languages combined (7.4kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'imper. plural'",
"path": [
"runga"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "runga",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'ind. plural'",
"path": [
"runga"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "runga",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.