See pruina on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "pruina (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A white powdery bloom found on some lichens."
],
"id": "en-pruina-en-noun--VXDduk3",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"powdery",
"powdery"
],
[
"bloom",
"bloom"
],
[
"lichen",
"lichen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) A white powdery bloom found on some lichens."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "pruinose"
},
{
"word": "pruinosity"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "pruina"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prujno",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: prujno",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: prujno"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bruine"
},
"expansion": "French: bruine",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bruine"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "pruína"
},
"expansion": "Galician: pruína",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: pruína"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "brina"
},
"expansion": "Italian: brina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: brina"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "brin-a"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: brin-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: brin-a"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "pruína"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: pruína",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: pruína"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "pruină"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: pruină",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: pruină"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "puìna",
"3": "poìna"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: puìna, poìna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: puìna, poìna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*prews-",
"4": "",
"5": "to freeze; frost"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with prūna (“a live coal”). More at freeze.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pruīna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pruīna<1>"
},
"expansion": "pruīna f (genitive pruīnae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pruīna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Snow",
"orig": "la:Snow",
"parents": [
"Water",
"Weather",
"Liquids",
"Atmosphere",
"Matter",
"Nature",
"Chemistry",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Weather",
"orig": "la:Weather",
"parents": [
"Atmosphere",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The earth was [still] soft, bedewed with morning hoarfrost.",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.357",
"text": "Mollis erat tellūs rōrāta māne pruīnā."
}
],
"glosses": [
"rime, hoarfrost"
],
"id": "en-pruina-la-noun-vYpg-bTg",
"links": [
[
"rime",
"rime#English"
],
[
"hoarfrost",
"hoarfrost#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pruˈiː.na/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pruˈiːnä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pruˈi.na/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[pruˈiːnä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "pruina"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "pruinas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pruina f (plural pruinas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pruina"
],
"id": "en-pruina-es-noun-1L3v7gsL",
"links": [
[
"pruina",
"pruina#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "pruina"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "pruina (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "pruinose"
},
{
"word": "pruinosity"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Botany"
],
"glosses": [
"A white powdery bloom found on some lichens."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"powdery",
"powdery"
],
[
"bloom",
"bloom"
],
[
"lichen",
"lichen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) A white powdery bloom found on some lichens."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "pruina"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prujno",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: prujno",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: prujno"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bruine"
},
"expansion": "French: bruine",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bruine"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "pruína"
},
"expansion": "Galician: pruína",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: pruína"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "brina"
},
"expansion": "Italian: brina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: brina"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "brin-a"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: brin-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: brin-a"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "pruína"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: pruína",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: pruína"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "pruină"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: pruină",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: pruină"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "puìna",
"3": "poìna"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: puìna, poìna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: puìna, poìna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*prews-",
"4": "",
"5": "to freeze; frost"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with prūna (“a live coal”). More at freeze.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pruīna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pruīnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pruīna<1>"
},
"expansion": "pruīna f (genitive pruīnae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pruīna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Snow",
"la:Weather"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The earth was [still] soft, bedewed with morning hoarfrost.",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.357",
"text": "Mollis erat tellūs rōrāta māne pruīnā."
}
],
"glosses": [
"rime, hoarfrost"
],
"links": [
[
"rime",
"rime#English"
],
[
"hoarfrost",
"hoarfrost#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pruˈiː.na/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pruˈiːnä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pruˈi.na/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[pruˈiːnä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "pruina"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "pruinas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pruina f (plural pruinas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish feminine nouns",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"pruina"
],
"links": [
[
"pruina",
"pruina#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "pruina"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pruina meaning in All languages combined (5.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (51d164f and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.