See polynya on Wiktionary
{
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"name": "bor"
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"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”) in the 1850s, from Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja) (att. in 1639), from полыи (polyi, “open from above, uncovered; hollow”), whence also Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”), from Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). The rare plural form polynyi is borrowed from Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí).",
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"ref": "1844, Ferdinand von Wrangell, chapter V, in Edward Sabine, editor, Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea […], 2nd edition, London: James Madden and Co., […], →OCLC, pages 102–103:",
"text": "We immediately ascended a hill, and saw that the supposed land was nothing but hummocks of ice, piled up beyond a large Polynia, or space of open water, which extended from east to west, as far as the eye could reach.",
"type": "quote"
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"text": "Hoping to reach the starting-place in the early season of navigation, he intends to follow his course of travel nearly upon a meridional line, which would, it is believed, lead him to the Polynya—a mare liberum, or such, comparatively speaking—within its formidable borderings of the thick-ribbed ice.",
"type": "quote"
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"ref": "1980, “Summary of the Meeting”, in Polar Bears […], Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, →ISBN, paragraph 9, page 23:",
"text": "Dr. [Ian] Stirling pointed out that colonies of nesting sea-birds were an indicator of permanent polynias and that the productivity studies in such polynias might prove interesting.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "2006, George A. Knox, “The Southern Ocean”, in Biology of the Southern Ocean (Marine Biology Series), 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 1.6, page 11, column 1:",
"text": "Polynas play an important role in heat transfer from the oceans to the atmosphere, ice production, the formation of dense shelf water, spring disintegration of sea ice, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and the distribution of higher trophic animals such as cephalopods, fish, birds, seals, and cetaceans.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008 June 20, Jane George, “‘We’ve had the biggest surprises and more questions are coming out.’: The secret life of snowy owls”, in Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 2018-12-29:",
"text": "Researchers now plan to compare their routes with satellite images and see whether the owls stayed around the polynas, where snowy owls have been seen, picking off eiders swimming in the open water.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 237:",
"text": "Below the glacier, within the polynya, two rivers flow, a river of salt and a river of earth.",
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],
"glosses": [
"A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas."
],
"id": "en-polynya-en-noun-OckP2Sfs",
"links": [
[
"hydrology",
"hydrology"
],
[
"oceanography",
"oceanography"
],
[
"naturally",
"naturally"
],
[
"formed",
"form#Verb"
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[
"transient",
"transient"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"open water",
"open water"
],
[
"surrounded",
"surround#Verb"
],
[
"sea ice",
"sea ice"
],
[
"polar",
"polar"
],
[
"subpolar",
"subpolar"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(hydrology, oceanography) A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas."
],
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{
"word": "glade"
},
{
"word": "polyna"
},
{
"word": "polynia"
}
],
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"translations": [
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "yılıw",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "йылыу"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "qaran",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "ҡаран"
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{
"code": "be",
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{
"code": "cmn",
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"roman": "bīngdòng",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰洞"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
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"roman": "bīnghú",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰湖"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngkūlong",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰窟窿"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngxué",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰穴"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngzhǎohú",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰沼湖"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polynie"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "våge"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "wakvlakte"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "lahvandus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "polinja"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polynia"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Wake"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Polynja"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "pŏlīnyā",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "पॉलीन्या"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vök"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polynja"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "poriniya",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "ポリニヤ"
},
{
"alt": "ひょうこ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hyōko",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "氷湖"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "bingho",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "빙호"
},
{
"code": "nb",
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],
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},
{
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},
{
"code": "nn",
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"code": "nn",
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{
"code": "pl",
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"word": "połynia"
},
{
"code": "pl",
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"word": "płoń"
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{
"code": "ru",
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"roman": "polynʹjá",
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"word": "полынья́"
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{
"code": "ru",
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],
"word": "лу́нка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "often artificial",
"roman": "prórubʹ",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "про́рубь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "protálina",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прота́лина"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polinija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "polinia"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "polynja"
},
{
"code": "sv",
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"word": "vak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "polinya"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "opolónka",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ополо́нка"
},
{
"code": "uk",
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"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
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}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer",
"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
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"text": "We immediately ascended a hill, and saw that the supposed land was nothing but hummocks of ice, piled up beyond a large Polynia, or space of open water, which extended from east to west, as far as the eye could reach.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1853 June, “The Polar Seas and Sir John Franklin”, in Putnam's Magazine, volume I, number VI, New York, N.Y.: GP Putnam & Co. […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 635, column 2:",
"text": "Hoping to reach the starting-place in the early season of navigation, he intends to follow his course of travel nearly upon a meridional line, which would, it is believed, lead him to the Polynya—a mare liberum, or such, comparatively speaking—within its formidable borderings of the thick-ribbed ice.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1980, “Summary of the Meeting”, in Polar Bears […], Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, →ISBN, paragraph 9, page 23:",
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, George A. Knox, “The Southern Ocean”, in Biology of the Southern Ocean (Marine Biology Series), 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 1.6, page 11, column 1:",
"text": "Polynas play an important role in heat transfer from the oceans to the atmosphere, ice production, the formation of dense shelf water, spring disintegration of sea ice, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and the distribution of higher trophic animals such as cephalopods, fish, birds, seals, and cetaceans.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008 June 20, Jane George, “‘We’ve had the biggest surprises and more questions are coming out.’: The secret life of snowy owls”, in Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 2018-12-29:",
"text": "Researchers now plan to compare their routes with satellite images and see whether the owls stayed around the polynas, where snowy owls have been seen, picking off eiders swimming in the open water.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 237:",
"text": "Below the glacier, within the polynya, two rivers flow, a river of salt and a river of earth.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas."
],
"links": [
[
"hydrology",
"hydrology"
],
[
"oceanography",
"oceanography"
],
[
"naturally",
"naturally"
],
[
"formed",
"form#Verb"
],
[
"transient",
"transient"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"open water",
"open water"
],
[
"surrounded",
"surround#Verb"
],
[
"sea ice",
"sea ice"
],
[
"polar",
"polar"
],
[
"subpolar",
"subpolar"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(hydrology, oceanography) A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "glade"
}
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"hydrology",
"natural-sciences",
"oceanography"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer",
"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pə(ʊ)ˈlɪnjə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pəˈlɪnjə/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌpɑlənˈjɑ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-polynya.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "polyna"
},
{
"word": "polynia"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "yılıw",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "йылыу"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "qaran",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "ҡаран"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "palónka",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пало́нка"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngdòng",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰洞"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīnghú",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰湖"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngkūlong",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰窟窿"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngxué",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰穴"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bīngzhǎohú",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "冰沼湖"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polynie"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "våge"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "wakvlakte"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "lahvandus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "polinja"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polynia"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Wake"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Polynja"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "pŏlīnyā",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "पॉलीन्या"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vök"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polynja"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "poriniya",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "ポリニヤ"
},
{
"alt": "ひょうこ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hyōko",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "氷湖"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "bingho",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "빙호"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polynja"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "våk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polynja"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vok"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "połynia"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "płoń"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "polynʹjá",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "полынья́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lúnka",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "лу́нка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "often artificial",
"roman": "prórubʹ",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "про́рубь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "protálina",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прота́лина"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polinija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "polinia"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "polynja"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "vak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"word": "polinya"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "opolónka",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ополо́нка"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "polónka",
"sense": "area of open water surrounded by sea ice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "поло́нка"
}
],
"word": "polynya"
}
Download raw JSONL data for polynya meaning in All languages combined (12.3kB)
{
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"msg": "polynya/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"полынья́\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"polynya\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"zle-mru\", \"3\": \"полыньѧ\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ru\", \"2\": \"полый\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"hollow\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"orv\", \"3\": \"полъ\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"uncovered\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*pleh₂-\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"flat\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"полыньи́\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Borrowed from Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”) in the 1850s, from Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja) (att. in 1639), from полыи (polyi, “open from above, uncovered; hollow”), whence also Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”), from Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). The rare plural form polynyi is borrowed from Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"polynyas\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"polynyi\", \"tags\": [\"plural\", \"rare\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"s\", \"2\": \"polynyi\", \"pl2qual\": \"rare\"}, \"expansion\": \"polynya (plural polynyas or (rare) polynyi)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"po‧lyn‧ya\"], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English nouns with irregular plurals\", \"English terms borrowed from Russian\", \"English terms derived from Middle Russian\", \"English terms derived from Old East Slavic\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from Russian\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Quotation templates to be cleaned\", \"Terms with Bashkir translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hindi translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"en:Hydrology\", \"en:Oceanography\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1844, Ferdinand von Wrangell, chapter V, in Edward Sabine, editor, Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea […], 2nd edition, London: James Madden and Co., […], →OCLC, pages 102–103:\", \"text\": \"We immediately ascended a hill, and saw that the supposed land was nothing but hummocks of ice, piled up beyond a large Polynia, or space of open water, which extended from east to west, as far as the eye could reach.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1853 June, “The Polar Seas and Sir John Franklin”, in Putnam's Magazine, volume I, number VI, New York, N.Y.: GP Putnam & Co. […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 635, column 2:\", \"text\": \"Hoping to reach the starting-place in the early season of navigation, he intends to follow his course of travel nearly upon a meridional line, which would, it is believed, lead him to the Polynya—a mare liberum, or such, comparatively speaking—within its formidable borderings of the thick-ribbed ice.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1980, “Summary of the Meeting”, in Polar Bears […], Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, →ISBN, paragraph 9, page 23:\", \"text\": \"Dr. [Ian] Stirling pointed out that colonies of nesting sea-birds were an indicator of permanent polynias and that the productivity studies in such polynias might prove interesting.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2006, George A. Knox, “The Southern Ocean”, in Biology of the Southern Ocean (Marine Biology Series), 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 1.6, page 11, column 1:\", \"text\": \"Polynas play an important role in heat transfer from the oceans to the atmosphere, ice production, the formation of dense shelf water, spring disintegration of sea ice, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and the distribution of higher trophic animals such as cephalopods, fish, birds, seals, and cetaceans.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2008 June 20, Jane George, “‘We’ve had the biggest surprises and more questions are coming out.’: The secret life of snowy owls”, in Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 2018-12-29:\", \"text\": \"Researchers now plan to compare their routes with satellite images and see whether the owls stayed around the polynas, where snowy owls have been seen, picking off eiders swimming in the open water.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 237:\", \"text\": \"Below the glacier, within the polynya, two rivers flow, a river of salt and a river of earth.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas.\"], \"links\": [[\"hydrology\", \"hydrology\"], [\"oceanography\", \"oceanography\"], [\"naturally\", \"naturally\"], [\"formed\", \"form#Verb\"], [\"transient\", \"transient\"], [\"area\", \"area\"], [\"open water\", \"open water\"], [\"surrounded\", \"surround#Verb\"], [\"sea ice\", \"sea ice\"], [\"polar\", \"polar\"], [\"subpolar\", \"subpolar\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(hydrology, oceanography) A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas.\"], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"glade\"}], \"topics\": [\"geography\", \"hydrology\", \"natural-sciences\", \"oceanography\"], \"wikipedia\": [\"Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\", \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/pə(ʊ)ˈlɪnjə/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/pəˈlɪnjə/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˌpɑlənˈjɑ/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-polynya.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.ogg\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"polyna\"}, {\"word\": \"polynia\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ba\", \"lang\": \"Bashkir\", \"roman\": \"yılıw\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"йылыу\"}, {\"code\": \"ba\", \"lang\": \"Bashkir\", \"roman\": \"qaran\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"ҡаран\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"palónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"пало́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngdòng\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰洞\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīnghú\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰湖\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngkūlong\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰窟窿\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngxué\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰穴\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngzhǎohú\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰沼湖\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polynie\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"våge\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"wakvlakte\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"lahvandus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polinja\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynia\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Wake\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"pŏlīnyā\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"पॉलीन्या\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"vök\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"poriniya\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"ポリニヤ\"}, {\"alt\": \"ひょうこ\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"hyōko\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"氷湖\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"bingho\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"빙호\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"våk\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"vok\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"połynia\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"płoń\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"polynʹjá\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"полынья́\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"lúnka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лу́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"often artificial\", \"roman\": \"prórubʹ\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"про́рубь\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protálina\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"прота́лина\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polinija\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polinia\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"vak\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polinya\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"opolónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ополо́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"polónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"поло́нка\"}], \"word\": \"polynya\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "polynya",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "polynya/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"полынья́\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"polynya\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"zle-mru\", \"3\": \"полыньѧ\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ru\", \"2\": \"полый\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"hollow\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"orv\", \"3\": \"полъ\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"uncovered\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*pleh₂-\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"flat\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"полыньи́\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Borrowed from Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”) in the 1850s, from Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja) (att. in 1639), from полыи (polyi, “open from above, uncovered; hollow”), whence also Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”), from Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). The rare plural form polynyi is borrowed from Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"polynyas\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"polynyi\", \"tags\": [\"plural\", \"rare\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"s\", \"2\": \"polynyi\", \"pl2qual\": \"rare\"}, \"expansion\": \"polynya (plural polynyas or (rare) polynyi)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"po‧lyn‧ya\"], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English nouns with irregular plurals\", \"English terms borrowed from Russian\", \"English terms derived from Middle Russian\", \"English terms derived from Old East Slavic\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from Russian\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Quotation templates to be cleaned\", \"Terms with Bashkir translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hindi translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"en:Hydrology\", \"en:Oceanography\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1844, Ferdinand von Wrangell, chapter V, in Edward Sabine, editor, Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea […], 2nd edition, London: James Madden and Co., […], →OCLC, pages 102–103:\", \"text\": \"We immediately ascended a hill, and saw that the supposed land was nothing but hummocks of ice, piled up beyond a large Polynia, or space of open water, which extended from east to west, as far as the eye could reach.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1853 June, “The Polar Seas and Sir John Franklin”, in Putnam's Magazine, volume I, number VI, New York, N.Y.: GP Putnam & Co. […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 635, column 2:\", \"text\": \"Hoping to reach the starting-place in the early season of navigation, he intends to follow his course of travel nearly upon a meridional line, which would, it is believed, lead him to the Polynya—a mare liberum, or such, comparatively speaking—within its formidable borderings of the thick-ribbed ice.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1980, “Summary of the Meeting”, in Polar Bears […], Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, →ISBN, paragraph 9, page 23:\", \"text\": \"Dr. [Ian] Stirling pointed out that colonies of nesting sea-birds were an indicator of permanent polynias and that the productivity studies in such polynias might prove interesting.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2006, George A. Knox, “The Southern Ocean”, in Biology of the Southern Ocean (Marine Biology Series), 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 1.6, page 11, column 1:\", \"text\": \"Polynas play an important role in heat transfer from the oceans to the atmosphere, ice production, the formation of dense shelf water, spring disintegration of sea ice, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and the distribution of higher trophic animals such as cephalopods, fish, birds, seals, and cetaceans.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2008 June 20, Jane George, “‘We’ve had the biggest surprises and more questions are coming out.’: The secret life of snowy owls”, in Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 2018-12-29:\", \"text\": \"Researchers now plan to compare their routes with satellite images and see whether the owls stayed around the polynas, where snowy owls have been seen, picking off eiders swimming in the open water.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 237:\", \"text\": \"Below the glacier, within the polynya, two rivers flow, a river of salt and a river of earth.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas.\"], \"links\": [[\"hydrology\", \"hydrology\"], [\"oceanography\", \"oceanography\"], [\"naturally\", \"naturally\"], [\"formed\", \"form#Verb\"], [\"transient\", \"transient\"], [\"area\", \"area\"], [\"open water\", \"open water\"], [\"surrounded\", \"surround#Verb\"], [\"sea ice\", \"sea ice\"], [\"polar\", \"polar\"], [\"subpolar\", \"subpolar\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(hydrology, oceanography) A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas.\"], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"glade\"}], \"topics\": [\"geography\", \"hydrology\", \"natural-sciences\", \"oceanography\"], \"wikipedia\": [\"Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\", \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/pə(ʊ)ˈlɪnjə/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/pəˈlɪnjə/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˌpɑlənˈjɑ/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-polynya.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.ogg\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"polyna\"}, {\"word\": \"polynia\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ba\", \"lang\": \"Bashkir\", \"roman\": \"yılıw\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"йылыу\"}, {\"code\": \"ba\", \"lang\": \"Bashkir\", \"roman\": \"qaran\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"ҡаран\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"palónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"пало́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngdòng\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰洞\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīnghú\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰湖\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngkūlong\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰窟窿\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngxué\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰穴\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngzhǎohú\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰沼湖\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polynie\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"våge\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"wakvlakte\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"lahvandus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polinja\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynia\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Wake\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"pŏlīnyā\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"पॉलीन्या\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"vök\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"poriniya\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"ポリニヤ\"}, {\"alt\": \"ひょうこ\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"hyōko\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"氷湖\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"bingho\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"빙호\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"våk\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"vok\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"połynia\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"płoń\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"polynʹjá\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"полынья́\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"lúnka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лу́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"often artificial\", \"roman\": \"prórubʹ\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"про́рубь\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protálina\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"прота́лина\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polinija\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polinia\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"vak\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polinya\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"opolónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ополо́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"polónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"поло́нка\"}], \"word\": \"polynya\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "polynya",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "polynya/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"полынья́\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"polynya\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"zle-mru\", \"3\": \"полыньѧ\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ru\", \"2\": \"полый\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"hollow\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"orv\", \"3\": \"полъ\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"uncovered\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*pleh₂-\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"flat\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"полыньи́\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Borrowed from Russian полынья́ (polynʹjá, “polynya”) in the 1850s, from Middle Russian полыньѧ (polynʹja) (att. in 1639), from полыи (polyi, “open from above, uncovered; hollow”), whence also Russian полый (polyj, “hollow”), from Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ, “uncovered”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). The rare plural form polynyi is borrowed from Russian полыньи́ (polynʹí).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"polynyas\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"polynyi\", \"tags\": [\"plural\", \"rare\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"s\", \"2\": \"polynyi\", \"pl2qual\": \"rare\"}, \"expansion\": \"polynya (plural polynyas or (rare) polynyi)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"po‧lyn‧ya\"], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English nouns with irregular plurals\", \"English terms borrowed from Russian\", \"English terms derived from Middle Russian\", \"English terms derived from Old East Slavic\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from Russian\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Quotation templates to be cleaned\", \"Terms with Bashkir translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hindi translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"en:Hydrology\", \"en:Oceanography\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1844, Ferdinand von Wrangell, chapter V, in Edward Sabine, editor, Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea […], 2nd edition, London: James Madden and Co., […], →OCLC, pages 102–103:\", \"text\": \"We immediately ascended a hill, and saw that the supposed land was nothing but hummocks of ice, piled up beyond a large Polynia, or space of open water, which extended from east to west, as far as the eye could reach.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1853 June, “The Polar Seas and Sir John Franklin”, in Putnam's Magazine, volume I, number VI, New York, N.Y.: GP Putnam & Co. […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 635, column 2:\", \"text\": \"Hoping to reach the starting-place in the early season of navigation, he intends to follow his course of travel nearly upon a meridional line, which would, it is believed, lead him to the Polynya—a mare liberum, or such, comparatively speaking—within its formidable borderings of the thick-ribbed ice.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1980, “Summary of the Meeting”, in Polar Bears […], Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, →ISBN, paragraph 9, page 23:\", \"text\": \"Dr. [Ian] Stirling pointed out that colonies of nesting sea-birds were an indicator of permanent polynias and that the productivity studies in such polynias might prove interesting.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2006, George A. Knox, “The Southern Ocean”, in Biology of the Southern Ocean (Marine Biology Series), 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 1.6, page 11, column 1:\", \"text\": \"Polynas play an important role in heat transfer from the oceans to the atmosphere, ice production, the formation of dense shelf water, spring disintegration of sea ice, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and the distribution of higher trophic animals such as cephalopods, fish, birds, seals, and cetaceans.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2008 June 20, Jane George, “‘We’ve had the biggest surprises and more questions are coming out.’: The secret life of snowy owls”, in Nunatsiaq News, archived from the original on 2018-12-29:\", \"text\": \"Researchers now plan to compare their routes with satellite images and see whether the owls stayed around the polynas, where snowy owls have been seen, picking off eiders swimming in the open water.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 237:\", \"text\": \"Below the glacier, within the polynya, two rivers flow, a river of salt and a river of earth.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas.\"], \"links\": [[\"hydrology\", \"hydrology\"], [\"oceanography\", \"oceanography\"], [\"naturally\", \"naturally\"], [\"formed\", \"form#Verb\"], [\"transient\", \"transient\"], [\"area\", \"area\"], [\"open water\", \"open water\"], [\"surrounded\", \"surround#Verb\"], [\"sea ice\", \"sea ice\"], [\"polar\", \"polar\"], [\"subpolar\", \"subpolar\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(hydrology, oceanography) A naturally formed transient area of open water surrounded by sea ice, especially in polar or subpolar seas.\"], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"glade\"}], \"topics\": [\"geography\", \"hydrology\", \"natural-sciences\", \"oceanography\"], \"wikipedia\": [\"Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\", \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/pə(ʊ)ˈlɪnjə/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/pəˈlɪnjə/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˌpɑlənˈjɑ/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-polynya.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-polynya.wav.ogg\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"polyna\"}, {\"word\": \"polynia\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ba\", \"lang\": \"Bashkir\", \"roman\": \"yılıw\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"йылыу\"}, {\"code\": \"ba\", \"lang\": \"Bashkir\", \"roman\": \"qaran\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"ҡаран\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"palónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"пало́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngdòng\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰洞\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīnghú\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰湖\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngkūlong\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰窟窿\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngxué\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰穴\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bīngzhǎohú\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"冰沼湖\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polynie\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"våge\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"wakvlakte\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"lahvandus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polinja\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynia\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Wake\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"pŏlīnyā\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"पॉलीन्या\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"vök\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"poriniya\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"ポリニヤ\"}, {\"alt\": \"ひょうこ\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"hyōko\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"氷湖\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"bingho\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"빙호\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"våk\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"vok\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"połynia\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"płoń\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"polynʹjá\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"полынья́\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"lúnka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лу́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"often artificial\", \"roman\": \"prórubʹ\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"про́рубь\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protálina\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"прота́лина\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polinija\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"polinia\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polynja\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"vak\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"word\": \"polinya\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"opolónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ополо́нка\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"polónka\", \"sense\": \"area of open water surrounded by sea ice\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"поло́нка\"}], \"word\": \"polynya\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "polynya",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.