See plumbum on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Lead",
"orig": "en:Lead",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
201,
208
],
[
253,
260
]
],
"ref": "1846 August 11, L. Woodruff, “Dr. Ingall’s Case of Tumor”, in J[erome] V[an] C[rowninsfield] Smith, editor, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXV, Boston, Mass.: David Clapp, […], published 1847:",
"text": "He says that “in a tumor which bore a strong resemblance to an osteocele, of a most intractable character,” the pain was soon relieved and the tumefaction disappeared, after the use of two globules of plumbum, and then asks if the infinitesimal dose of plumbum produced its resolution; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
26
],
[
231,
238
]
],
"ref": "1916 November 15, Fritz C. Askenstedt, “Some High Blood-Pressure Remedies”, in The North American Journal of Homeopathy, 69th year, Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Union, published 1921, page 1117:",
"text": "My experience with plumbum has not been extensive, and the results, so far, not very encouraging, but it must be admitted that my employment of this medicine has been in the most hopeless cases. The lack of uniformity of action of plumbum, and the fact that the majority of a city population are daily subjected to its influence in minute doses through the water supply, may also account for an uncertainty of its therapeutic action.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
58,
65
],
[
213,
220
]
],
"ref": "2016, Muchlisyam, Jansen Silalahi, Urip Harahap, “Hemicellulose: Isolation and Its Application in Pharmacy”, in Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, editors, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers: Processing and Applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: Pan Stanford Publishing, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 330:",
"text": "Rabbits were given 100 mcg of cadmium ions and 100 mcg of plumbum ions orally every 2 days for 2 weeks and then as much as 3 cm³ of it was drawn. The total of 1 cm³ was used to determine the levels of cadmium and plumbum in the blood.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Lead."
],
"id": "en-plumbum-en-noun-kppu4sTx",
"links": [
[
"Lead",
"lead"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Pb"
},
{
"word": "plumb"
},
{
"word": "plumbane"
},
{
"word": "plumber"
},
{
"word": "plumbic"
},
{
"word": "plumbiferous"
},
{
"word": "plumbism"
},
{
"word": "plumbous"
},
{
"word": "plumb-"
},
{
"word": "plumbo-"
},
{
"word": "plumbum argentarium"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbum album"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbum nigrum"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "pliumbu",
"3": "pljumbu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "piombu"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: piombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: piombu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "piombo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: piombo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: piombo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itk",
"2": "פְלוּמוֹ",
"tr": "pəlumo",
"ts": "plummo"
},
"expansion": "Judeo-Italian: פְלוּמוֹ (pəlumo /plummo/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Judeo-Italian: פְלוּמוֹ (pəlumo /plummo/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "chiummo"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: chiummo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: chiummo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "chiummu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: chiummu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: chiummu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "plomp",
"3": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: plomp, plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: plomp, plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "cióngio"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: cióngio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: cióngio"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "piomb",
"3": "piom"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: piomb, piom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: piomb, piom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "piomb"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: piomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: piomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "plum",
"3": "plùn",
"4": "plùm",
"5": "plom",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "m",
"g4": "m"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "piònbo"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: piònbo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: piònbo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: plomb",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "French: plomb",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plombe",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: plomb ⇒ plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plombe",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "plumbe",
"3": "plumme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "English: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: plom"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "plomu",
"3": "plombu",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "plomo",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Spanish: plomo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing"
},
"expansion": "(can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "plomo",
"3": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: plomo, plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: plomo, plom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ribagorçan: pllom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "chumbo"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: chumbo, chonbo, chũbo, chunbo\nGalician: chumbo\nPortuguese: chumbo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: chumbo, chonbo, chũbo, chunbo\nGalician: chumbo\nPortuguese: chumbo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "peumu",
"3": "piumbu",
"4": "piumu",
"5": "plumbu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plumb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "plómb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Limburgish: plómb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Limburgish: plómb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prumo",
"slb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: prumo (semi-learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: prumo (semi-learned)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*plum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: plwm"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: plwm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"id": "lead"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόλυβδος",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸloudom",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*plowdʰo-",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "xib",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Iberian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ber-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*būldūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Berber *būldūn",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumbī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"expansion": "plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbāgō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbārium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbātūra"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbeum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbeus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "la:Metals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lead (metal)"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-70rQOrHU",
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 45 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ball of lead"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-mUaDEc0Q",
"links": [
[
"ball",
"ball"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "7 81 13 0",
"sense": "a ball of lead",
"word": "plumbea"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pipe of lead"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-XmZiAyKy",
"links": [
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) pipe of lead"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "New Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 23 23 30",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Building materials",
"orig": "la:Building materials",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 19 42",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Chemical elements",
"orig": "la:Chemical elements",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pencil"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-E4CWaPtD",
"links": [
[
"pencil",
"pencil"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(New Latin) pencil"
],
"tags": [
"New-Latin",
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplumbum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:plumbum"
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤلومبوم",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
},
{
"form": "pelambam",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"j": "ڤلومبوم",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (Jawi spelling ڤلومبوم)",
"name": "ms-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lead (chemical element)"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-ms-noun-iZZ1~8y3",
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "timah hitam"
},
{
"word": "timbel"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[plumbom]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plumbəm]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plambəm]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umbom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-bom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-om"
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Pb"
},
{
"word": "plumb"
},
{
"word": "plumbane"
},
{
"word": "plumber"
},
{
"word": "plumbic"
},
{
"word": "plumbiferous"
},
{
"word": "plumbism"
},
{
"word": "plumbous"
},
{
"word": "plumb-"
},
{
"word": "plumbo-"
},
{
"word": "plumbum argentarium"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Lead"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
201,
208
],
[
253,
260
]
],
"ref": "1846 August 11, L. Woodruff, “Dr. Ingall’s Case of Tumor”, in J[erome] V[an] C[rowninsfield] Smith, editor, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXV, Boston, Mass.: David Clapp, […], published 1847:",
"text": "He says that “in a tumor which bore a strong resemblance to an osteocele, of a most intractable character,” the pain was soon relieved and the tumefaction disappeared, after the use of two globules of plumbum, and then asks if the infinitesimal dose of plumbum produced its resolution; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
26
],
[
231,
238
]
],
"ref": "1916 November 15, Fritz C. Askenstedt, “Some High Blood-Pressure Remedies”, in The North American Journal of Homeopathy, 69th year, Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Union, published 1921, page 1117:",
"text": "My experience with plumbum has not been extensive, and the results, so far, not very encouraging, but it must be admitted that my employment of this medicine has been in the most hopeless cases. The lack of uniformity of action of plumbum, and the fact that the majority of a city population are daily subjected to its influence in minute doses through the water supply, may also account for an uncertainty of its therapeutic action.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
58,
65
],
[
213,
220
]
],
"ref": "2016, Muchlisyam, Jansen Silalahi, Urip Harahap, “Hemicellulose: Isolation and Its Application in Pharmacy”, in Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, editors, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers: Processing and Applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: Pan Stanford Publishing, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 330:",
"text": "Rabbits were given 100 mcg of cadmium ions and 100 mcg of plumbum ions orally every 2 days for 2 weeks and then as much as 3 cm³ of it was drawn. The total of 1 cm³ was used to determine the levels of cadmium and plumbum in the blood.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Lead."
],
"links": [
[
"Lead",
"lead"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Etruscan",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms derived from Etruscan",
"Latin terms derived from Iberian",
"Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Building materials",
"la:Chemical elements",
"la:Metals"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "plumbum album"
},
{
"word": "plumbum nigrum"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "pliumbu",
"3": "pljumbu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "piombu"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: piombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: piombu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "piombo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: piombo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: piombo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itk",
"2": "פְלוּמוֹ",
"tr": "pəlumo",
"ts": "plummo"
},
"expansion": "Judeo-Italian: פְלוּמוֹ (pəlumo /plummo/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Judeo-Italian: פְלוּמוֹ (pəlumo /plummo/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "chiummo"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: chiummo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: chiummo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "chiummu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: chiummu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: chiummu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "plomp",
"3": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: plomp, plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: plomp, plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "cióngio"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: cióngio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: cióngio"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "piomb",
"3": "piom"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: piomb, piom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: piomb, piom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "piomb"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: piomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: piomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "plum",
"3": "plùn",
"4": "plùm",
"5": "plom",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "m",
"g4": "m"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "piònbo"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: piònbo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: piònbo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: plomb",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "French: plomb",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plombe",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: plomb ⇒ plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plombe",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "plumbe",
"3": "plumme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "English: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: plom"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "plomu",
"3": "plombu",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "plomo",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Spanish: plomo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing"
},
"expansion": "(can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "plomo",
"3": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: plomo, plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: plomo, plom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ribagorçan: pllom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "chumbo"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: chumbo, chonbo, chũbo, chunbo\nGalician: chumbo\nPortuguese: chumbo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: chumbo, chonbo, chũbo, chunbo\nGalician: chumbo\nPortuguese: chumbo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "peumu",
"3": "piumbu",
"4": "piumu",
"5": "plumbu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plumb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "plómb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Limburgish: plómb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Limburgish: plómb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prumo",
"slb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: prumo (semi-learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: prumo (semi-learned)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*plum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: plwm"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: plwm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"id": "lead"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόλυβδος",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸloudom",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*plowdʰo-",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "xib",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Iberian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ber-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*būldūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Berber *būldūn",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumbī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"expansion": "plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "plumbāgō"
},
{
"word": "plumbārium"
},
{
"word": "plumbārius"
},
{
"word": "plumbātūra"
},
{
"word": "plumbātus"
},
{
"word": "plumbea"
},
{
"word": "plumbeum"
},
{
"word": "plumbeus"
},
{
"word": "plumbō"
},
{
"word": "plumbōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lead (metal)"
],
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ball of lead"
],
"links": [
[
"ball",
"ball"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin poetic terms"
],
"glosses": [
"pipe of lead"
],
"links": [
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) pipe of lead"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"New Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"pencil"
],
"links": [
[
"pencil",
"pencil"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(New Latin) pencil"
],
"tags": [
"New-Latin",
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplumbum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "a ball of lead",
"word": "plumbea"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:plumbum"
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤلومبوم",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
},
{
"form": "pelambam",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"j": "ڤلومبوم",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (Jawi spelling ڤلومبوم)",
"name": "ms-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"Malay lemmas",
"Malay nouns",
"Malay terms derived from Latin",
"Malay uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Malay/bom",
"Rhymes:Malay/om",
"Rhymes:Malay/umbom"
],
"glosses": [
"lead (chemical element)"
],
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "timah hitam"
},
{
"word": "timbel"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[plumbom]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plumbəm]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plambəm]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umbom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-bom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-om"
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for plumbum meaning in All languages combined (15.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-01 using wiktextract (887c61b and 3d4dee6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.