See plumbum on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Lead",
"orig": "en:Lead",
"parents": [
"Carbon group elements",
"Chemical elements",
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1846 August 11, L. Woodruff, “Dr. Ingall’s Case of Tumor”, in J[erome] V[an] C[rowninsfield] Smith, editor, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXV, Boston, Mass.: David Clapp, […], published 1847:",
"text": "He says that “in a tumor which bore a strong resemblance to an osteocele, of a most intractable character,” the pain was soon relieved and the tumefaction disappeared, after the use of two globules of plumbum, and then asks if the infinitesimal dose of plumbum produced its resolution; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1916 November 15, Fritz C. Askenstedt, “Some High Blood-Pressure Remedies”, in The North American Journal of Homeopathy, 69th year, Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Union, published 1921, page 1117:",
"text": "My experience with plumbum has not been extensive, and the results, so far, not very encouraging, but it must be admitted that my employment of this medicine has been in the most hopeless cases. The lack of uniformity of action of plumbum, and the fact that the majority of a city population are daily subjected to its influence in minute doses through the water supply, may also account for an uncertainty of its therapeutic action.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Muchlisyam, Jansen Silalahi, Urip Harahap, “Hemicellulose: Isolation and Its Application in Pharmacy”, in Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, editors, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers: Processing and Applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: Pan Stanford Publishing, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 330:",
"text": "Rabbits were given 100 mcg of cadmium ions and 100 mcg of plumbum ions orally every 2 days for 2 weeks and then as much as 3 cm³ of it was drawn. The total of 1 cm³ was used to determine the levels of cadmium and plumbum in the blood.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Lead."
],
"id": "en-plumbum-en-noun-kppu4sTx",
"links": [
[
"Lead",
"lead"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Pb"
},
{
"word": "plumb"
},
{
"word": "plumbane"
},
{
"word": "plumbic"
},
{
"word": "plumbiferous"
},
{
"word": "plumbism"
},
{
"word": "plumbous"
},
{
"word": "plumb-"
},
{
"word": "plumbo-"
},
{
"word": "plumbum argentarium"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbum album"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbum nigrum"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "pliumbu",
"3": "pljumbu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "piombu"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: piombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: piombu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "piombo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: piombo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: piombo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "chiummo"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: chiummo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: chiummo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "chiummu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: chiummu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: chiummu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "plomp",
"3": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: plomp, plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: plomp, plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "cióngio"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: cióngio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: cióngio"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "piomb",
"3": "piom"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: piomb, piom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: piomb, piom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "piomb"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: piomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: piomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "plum",
"3": "plùn",
"4": "plùm",
"5": "plom",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "m",
"g4": "m"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "piònbo"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: piònbo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: piònbo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: plomb",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "French: plomb",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plombe",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: plomb ⇒ plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plombe",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "plumbe",
"3": "plumme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "English: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: plom"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "plomu",
"3": "plombu",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "plomo",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Spanish: plomo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing"
},
"expansion": "(can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "plomo",
"3": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: plomo, plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: plomo, plom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ribagorçan: pllom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "chumbo"
},
"expansion": "Galician: chumbo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: chumbo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chumbo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: chumbo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prumo",
"nolb": "1",
"slb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ prumo (semi-learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: chumbo → prumo (semi-learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "peumu",
"3": "piumbu",
"4": "piumu",
"5": "plumbu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plumb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "plómb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Limburgish: plómb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Limburgish: plómb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*plum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: plwm"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: plwm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόλυβδος",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸloudom",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*plowdʰo-",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "xib",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Iberian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ber-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*būldūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Berber *būldūn",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumbī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"expansion": "plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbāgō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbārium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbātūra"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbeum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbeus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumbōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 44 8 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "la:Metals",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Technology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lead (metal)"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-70rQOrHU",
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 45 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 55 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 55 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 74 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Building materials",
"orig": "la:Building materials",
"parents": [
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Architecture",
"Engineering",
"Manufacturing",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Technology",
"Human activity",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 74 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Chemical elements",
"orig": "la:Chemical elements",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 44 8 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "la:Metals",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Technology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ball of lead"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-mUaDEc0Q",
"links": [
[
"ball",
"ball"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "7 81 13 0",
"sense": "a ball of lead",
"word": "plumbea"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pipe of lead"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-XmZiAyKy",
"links": [
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) pipe of lead"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "New Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pencil"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-la-noun-E4CWaPtD",
"links": [
[
"pencil",
"pencil"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(New Latin) pencil"
],
"tags": [
"New-Latin",
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplumbum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:plumbum"
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μόλυβδος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum, related to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤلومبوم",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "noun",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤلومبوم"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (Jawi spelling ڤلومبوم)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lead (chemical element)"
],
"id": "en-plumbum-ms-noun-iZZ1~8y3",
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "timah hitam"
},
{
"word": "تيمه هيتم"
},
{
"word": "timbel"
},
{
"word": "تيمبل"
},
{
"word": "pelambam"
},
{
"word": "ڤلومبوم"
},
{
"word": "ڤلمبم"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[plumbom]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plumbəm]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plambəm]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umbom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-bom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-om"
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Pb"
},
{
"word": "plumb"
},
{
"word": "plumbane"
},
{
"word": "plumbic"
},
{
"word": "plumbiferous"
},
{
"word": "plumbism"
},
{
"word": "plumbous"
},
{
"word": "plumb-"
},
{
"word": "plumbo-"
},
{
"word": "plumbum argentarium"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Lead"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1846 August 11, L. Woodruff, “Dr. Ingall’s Case of Tumor”, in J[erome] V[an] C[rowninsfield] Smith, editor, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXV, Boston, Mass.: David Clapp, […], published 1847:",
"text": "He says that “in a tumor which bore a strong resemblance to an osteocele, of a most intractable character,” the pain was soon relieved and the tumefaction disappeared, after the use of two globules of plumbum, and then asks if the infinitesimal dose of plumbum produced its resolution; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1916 November 15, Fritz C. Askenstedt, “Some High Blood-Pressure Remedies”, in The North American Journal of Homeopathy, 69th year, Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Union, published 1921, page 1117:",
"text": "My experience with plumbum has not been extensive, and the results, so far, not very encouraging, but it must be admitted that my employment of this medicine has been in the most hopeless cases. The lack of uniformity of action of plumbum, and the fact that the majority of a city population are daily subjected to its influence in minute doses through the water supply, may also account for an uncertainty of its therapeutic action.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Muchlisyam, Jansen Silalahi, Urip Harahap, “Hemicellulose: Isolation and Its Application in Pharmacy”, in Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, editors, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers: Processing and Applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: Pan Stanford Publishing, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 330:",
"text": "Rabbits were given 100 mcg of cadmium ions and 100 mcg of plumbum ions orally every 2 days for 2 weeks and then as much as 3 cm³ of it was drawn. The total of 1 cm³ was used to determine the levels of cadmium and plumbum in the blood.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Lead."
],
"links": [
[
"Lead",
"lead"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Etruscan",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms derived from Etruscan",
"Latin terms derived from Iberian",
"Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Building materials",
"la:Chemical elements",
"la:Metals"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "plumbum album"
},
{
"word": "plumbum nigrum"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "pliumbu",
"3": "pljumbu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "piombu"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: piombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: piombu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "piombo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: piombo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: piombo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "chiummo"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: chiummo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: chiummo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "chiummu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: chiummu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: chiummu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "plomp",
"3": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: plomp, plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: plomp, plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "cióngio"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: cióngio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: cióngio"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "piomb",
"3": "piom"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: piomb, piom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: piomb, piom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "piomb"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: piomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: piomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "piòmb"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: piòmb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: piòmb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "plum",
"3": "plùn",
"4": "plùm",
"5": "plom",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "m",
"g4": "m"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "piònbo"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: piònbo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: piònbo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: plomb",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "French: plomb",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "plombe",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: plomb ⇒ plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plombe",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plombe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plombe"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "plumbe",
"3": "plumme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "English: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: plom"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "plomu",
"3": "plombu",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Asturian: plomu, plombu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "plomo",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Spanish: plomo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing"
},
"expansion": "(can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "plomb"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: plomb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: plomb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "plomo",
"3": "plom"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: plomo, plom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: plomo, plom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ribagorçan: pllom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "chumbo"
},
"expansion": "Galician: chumbo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: chumbo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chumbo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: chumbo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prumo",
"nolb": "1",
"slb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ prumo (semi-learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: chumbo → prumo (semi-learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "peumu",
"3": "piumbu",
"4": "piumu",
"5": "plumbu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plumb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: plumb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: plumb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "plómb",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Limburgish: plómb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Limburgish: plómb"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "plumbum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: plumbum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: plumbum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*plum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: plwm"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "plwm"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: plwm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: plwm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόλυβδος",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸloudom",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*plowdʰo-",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "xib",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Iberian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ber-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*būldūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Berber *būldūn",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumbī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plumbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "plumba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"expansion": "plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plumbum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "plumbāgō"
},
{
"word": "plumbārium"
},
{
"word": "plumbārius"
},
{
"word": "plumbātūra"
},
{
"word": "plumbātus"
},
{
"word": "plumbea"
},
{
"word": "plumbeum"
},
{
"word": "plumbeus"
},
{
"word": "plumbō"
},
{
"word": "plumbōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lead (metal)"
],
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ball of lead"
],
"links": [
[
"ball",
"ball"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin poetic terms"
],
"glosses": [
"pipe of lead"
],
"links": [
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) pipe of lead"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"New Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"pencil"
],
"links": [
[
"pencil",
"pencil"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(New Latin) pencil"
],
"tags": [
"New-Latin",
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈplum.bum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplumbum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "a ball of lead",
"word": "plumbea"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:plumbum"
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumbum"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumbum",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μόλυβδος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plumbum, related to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤلومبوم",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "noun",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤلومبوم"
},
"expansion": "plumbum (Jawi spelling ڤلومبوم)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"Malay lemmas",
"Malay nouns",
"Malay terms derived from Latin",
"Malay undefined derivations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Malay/bom",
"Rhymes:Malay/om",
"Rhymes:Malay/umbom"
],
"glosses": [
"lead (chemical element)"
],
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[plumbom]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plumbəm]"
},
{
"ipa": "[plambəm]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umbom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-bom"
},
{
"rhymes": "-om"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "timah hitam"
},
{
"word": "تيمه هيتم"
},
{
"word": "timbel"
},
{
"word": "تيمبل"
},
{
"word": "pelambam"
},
{
"word": "ڤلومبوم"
},
{
"word": "ڤلمبم"
}
],
"word": "plumbum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for plumbum meaning in All languages combined (15.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.