See plasmid on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plasma",
"3": "id"
},
"expansion": "plasma + -id",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Q218823",
"in": "1952",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952",
"name": "coin"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From plasma + -id, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plasmids",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "plasmid (plural plasmids)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -id",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Asturian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cytology",
"orig": "en:Cytology",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "homoplasmid"
},
{
"word": "intraplasmid"
},
{
"word": "megaplasmid"
},
{
"word": "miniplasmid"
},
{
"word": "multiplasmid"
},
{
"word": "pET plasmid"
},
{
"word": "piroplasmid"
},
{
"word": "plasmidal"
},
{
"word": "plasmidial"
},
{
"word": "plasmidic"
},
{
"word": "plasmidless"
},
{
"word": "plasmidome"
},
{
"word": "plasmidomic"
},
{
"word": "retroplasmid"
},
{
"word": "Ti plasmid"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1952 October 5, J. Lederberg, “Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis”, in Physiological Reviews, volume 32, number 4, page 403:",
"text": "These discussions have left a plethora of terms adrift: pangenes, bioblasts, plasmagenes, plastogenes, chondriogenes, cytogenes and proviruses, which have lost their original utility owing to the accretion of vague or contradictory connotations. At the risk of adding to this list, I propose plasmid as a generic term for any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Christopher Howe, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, page 144:",
"text": "This is how the F (for \"fertility\") plasmid, which forms the basis of a lot of classical E. coli genetics, is transferred from one cell to another.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 247:",
"text": "Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Karl Friehs, “Plasmid Copy Number and Plasmid Stability”, in M. Beyer, T. Scheper, editors, New Trends and Developments in Biochemical Engineering, volume 86, page 47:",
"text": "Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from -and replicates independently of- the chromosomes, most commonly found in bacteria, but also in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer."
],
"id": "en-plasmid-en-noun-X3v73g~j",
"links": [
[
"cytology",
"cytology"
],
[
"DNA",
"DNA"
],
[
"chromosome",
"chromosome"
],
[
"bacteria",
"bacterium"
],
[
"archaean",
"archaean"
],
[
"eukaryotic",
"eukaryote"
],
[
"genetic engineering",
"genetic engineering"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cytology) A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from -and replicates independently of- the chromosomes, most commonly found in bacteria, but also in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "plasm"
},
{
"word": "plasma"
},
{
"word": "plasmoid"
},
{
"word": "replicon"
}
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"cytology",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plásmidu"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmidi"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "質粒"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhìlì",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "质粒"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plazmid"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "plasmide"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plasmido"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plasmidi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plasmide"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plasmid"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plazmid"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmidio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmide"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "plazmida",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "плазмида"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "plazmid",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "плазмид"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmid"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmid"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmídeo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmídio"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plasmidă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "plazmída",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "плазми́да"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plásmido"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "plasmid"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plazmit"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"plasmid"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplæzmɪd/"
}
],
"word": "plasmid"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "homoplasmid"
},
{
"word": "intraplasmid"
},
{
"word": "megaplasmid"
},
{
"word": "miniplasmid"
},
{
"word": "multiplasmid"
},
{
"word": "pET plasmid"
},
{
"word": "piroplasmid"
},
{
"word": "plasmidal"
},
{
"word": "plasmidial"
},
{
"word": "plasmidic"
},
{
"word": "plasmidless"
},
{
"word": "plasmidome"
},
{
"word": "plasmidomic"
},
{
"word": "retroplasmid"
},
{
"word": "Ti plasmid"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plasma",
"3": "id"
},
"expansion": "plasma + -id",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Q218823",
"in": "1952",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952",
"name": "coin"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From plasma + -id, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plasmids",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "plasmid (plural plasmids)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "plasm"
},
{
"word": "plasma"
},
{
"word": "plasmoid"
},
{
"word": "replicon"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English coinages",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms coined by Joshua Lederberg",
"English terms suffixed with -id",
"English terms with quotations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Asturian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Cytology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1952 October 5, J. Lederberg, “Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis”, in Physiological Reviews, volume 32, number 4, page 403:",
"text": "These discussions have left a plethora of terms adrift: pangenes, bioblasts, plasmagenes, plastogenes, chondriogenes, cytogenes and proviruses, which have lost their original utility owing to the accretion of vague or contradictory connotations. At the risk of adding to this list, I propose plasmid as a generic term for any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Christopher Howe, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, page 144:",
"text": "This is how the F (for \"fertility\") plasmid, which forms the basis of a lot of classical E. coli genetics, is transferred from one cell to another.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 247:",
"text": "Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Karl Friehs, “Plasmid Copy Number and Plasmid Stability”, in M. Beyer, T. Scheper, editors, New Trends and Developments in Biochemical Engineering, volume 86, page 47:",
"text": "Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from -and replicates independently of- the chromosomes, most commonly found in bacteria, but also in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer."
],
"links": [
[
"cytology",
"cytology"
],
[
"DNA",
"DNA"
],
[
"chromosome",
"chromosome"
],
[
"bacteria",
"bacterium"
],
[
"archaean",
"archaean"
],
[
"eukaryotic",
"eukaryote"
],
[
"genetic engineering",
"genetic engineering"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cytology) A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from -and replicates independently of- the chromosomes, most commonly found in bacteria, but also in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"cytology",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"wikipedia": [
"plasmid"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplæzmɪd/"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plásmidu"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmidi"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "質粒"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhìlì",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "质粒"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plazmid"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "plasmide"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plasmido"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plasmidi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plasmide"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plasmid"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plazmid"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmidio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmide"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "plazmida",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "плазмида"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "plazmid",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "плазмид"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmid"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmid"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmídeo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plasmídio"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plasmidă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "plazmída",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "плазми́да"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plásmido"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "plasmid"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes",
"word": "plazmit"
}
],
"word": "plasmid"
}
Download raw JSONL data for plasmid meaning in All languages combined (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.