See paulus on Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "avidus"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "immānis"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "ingēns"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "magnus"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "vāstus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peh₂w-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*paukslos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *paukslos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peh₂w-",
"t": "few, small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "paucus",
"t": "few"
},
"expansion": "Latin paucus (“few”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*paurelos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *paurelos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péh₂uros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péh₂uros",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-chen"
},
"expansion": "German -chen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pauper"
},
"expansion": "Latin pauper",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "παῦρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek παῦρος (paûros)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "few"
},
"expansion": "English few",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier paullus, likely from Proto-Italic *paukslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”) + *-ko- + *-slom, the first two elements also giving Latin paucus (“few”).\nDetails\n Cf. the proportions paullus :: paucus like axis :: āla like veicus :: veilla, and with diminutives paullus :: pauxillus like āla :: āxilla like aulla :: auxilla. veilla and aulla showcase the same development of /dipthong + ks/ as the present word. māla, vēlum, pālus are further examples of words formed with the same suffixes.\nAgainst this, De Vaan (2008) notes that \"the suffix *-slo- is otherwise only used for instrument nouns, and only after consonant stems; both are reasons to reject a preform *pauk-slo- derived from *pau-ko-\", and quotes Thurneysen (1907: 177) as deriving it from Proto-Italic *paurelos, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂uros, also from *peh₂w-.\nHowever, the regular development of the cluster /wr/ is metathesis, as in parvus, and just this is attested in parvulus. It's difficult to envision a split outcome of metathesis for the base form and its morphologically transparent diminutive (cf. the systematic parallels above). The \"instrument nouns\" objection can be countered with the striking parallel in pullus (“animal young”) :: pusillus (“tiny”) and by the cross-linguistic tendency to refer to the young with neuter or otherwise objectifying nouns (cf. German -chen); the precise meaning of the suffix also need not have been an instrument.\nFurther related to Latin pauper, puer, Ancient Greek παῦρος (paûros), English few.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "paula",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "paulus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "paulus",
"adv": "paulō"
},
"expansion": "paulus (feminine paula, neuter paulum, adverb paulō); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "paulus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Size",
"orig": "la:Size",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "paulātim"
},
{
"word": "Paulīna"
},
{
"word": "paulīnus"
},
{
"word": "Paulīnus"
},
{
"word": "paulīsper"
},
{
"word": "paulō"
},
{
"word": "paululātim"
},
{
"word": "paululō"
},
{
"word": "paululus"
},
{
"word": "paulum"
},
{
"word": "Paulus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"little, small"
],
"id": "en-paulus-la-adj-JkIMO~ub",
"links": [
[
"little",
"little"
],
[
"small",
"small"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "small",
"word": "parvus"
},
{
"word": "paullus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpau̯.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpäu̯ɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpau̯.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpäːu̯lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "paulus"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "avidus"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "immānis"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "ingēns"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "magnus"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “small”",
"word": "vāstus"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "paulātim"
},
{
"word": "Paulīna"
},
{
"word": "paulīnus"
},
{
"word": "Paulīnus"
},
{
"word": "paulīsper"
},
{
"word": "paulō"
},
{
"word": "paululātim"
},
{
"word": "paululō"
},
{
"word": "paululus"
},
{
"word": "paulum"
},
{
"word": "Paulus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peh₂w-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*paukslos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *paukslos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peh₂w-",
"t": "few, small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "paucus",
"t": "few"
},
"expansion": "Latin paucus (“few”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*paurelos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *paurelos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péh₂uros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péh₂uros",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-chen"
},
"expansion": "German -chen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pauper"
},
"expansion": "Latin pauper",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "παῦρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek παῦρος (paûros)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "few"
},
"expansion": "English few",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier paullus, likely from Proto-Italic *paukslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”) + *-ko- + *-slom, the first two elements also giving Latin paucus (“few”).\nDetails\n Cf. the proportions paullus :: paucus like axis :: āla like veicus :: veilla, and with diminutives paullus :: pauxillus like āla :: āxilla like aulla :: auxilla. veilla and aulla showcase the same development of /dipthong + ks/ as the present word. māla, vēlum, pālus are further examples of words formed with the same suffixes.\nAgainst this, De Vaan (2008) notes that \"the suffix *-slo- is otherwise only used for instrument nouns, and only after consonant stems; both are reasons to reject a preform *pauk-slo- derived from *pau-ko-\", and quotes Thurneysen (1907: 177) as deriving it from Proto-Italic *paurelos, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂uros, also from *peh₂w-.\nHowever, the regular development of the cluster /wr/ is metathesis, as in parvus, and just this is attested in parvulus. It's difficult to envision a split outcome of metathesis for the base form and its morphologically transparent diminutive (cf. the systematic parallels above). The \"instrument nouns\" objection can be countered with the striking parallel in pullus (“animal young”) :: pusillus (“tiny”) and by the cross-linguistic tendency to refer to the young with neuter or otherwise objectifying nouns (cf. German -chen); the precise meaning of the suffix also need not have been an instrument.\nFurther related to Latin pauper, puer, Ancient Greek παῦρος (paûros), English few.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "paula",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "paulus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "paulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "paule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paulī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "paulus",
"adv": "paulō"
},
"expansion": "paulus (feminine paula, neuter paulum, adverb paulō); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "paulus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₂w-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Size"
],
"glosses": [
"little, small"
],
"links": [
[
"little",
"little"
],
[
"small",
"small"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpau̯.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpäu̯ɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpau̯.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpäːu̯lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "small",
"word": "parvus"
},
{
"word": "paullus"
}
],
"word": "paulus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for paulus meaning in All languages combined (7.6kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: paulus/Latin 'Number' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"paulus"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "paulus",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.