"nief" meaning in All languages combined

See nief on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

IPA: /niːf/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-nief.wav Forms: niefs [plural]
Rhymes: -iːf Etymology: From Old French [Term?], from Latin nativus (“natural”). Doublet of naif and native. Etymology templates: {{der|en|fro|}} Old French [Term?], {{der|en|la|nativus||natural}} Latin nativus (“natural”), {{doublet|en|naif|native}} Doublet of naif and native Head templates: {{en-noun}} nief (plural niefs)
  1. (historical) A serf or bondsman born into servitude. Tags: historical Translations (serf or bondsman born into servitude): Sklave [masculine] (German), Leibeigene [masculine] (German), родившийся рабом (rodivšijsja) [masculine] (Russian)
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: neif
Etymology number: 1

Noun [English]

IPA: /niːf/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-nief.wav Forms: niefs [plural], nieves [plural]
Rhymes: -iːf Etymology: From Middle English neve (“the clenched hand, fist”), from Old Norse nefi, hnefi (also knefi) ("hand, fist, handful"), from Proto-Germanic *hnefô, from Proto-Indo-European *knep- (“to scrape, scratch, grind”), from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Scots neif (“fist”), Norwegian neve, Danish næve, Swedish näve, Middle High German nevemez (“handful”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|neve|t=the clenched hand, fist}} Middle English neve (“the clenched hand, fist”), {{der|en|non|nefi}} Old Norse nefi, {{gloss|"hand, fist, handful"}} ("hand, fist, handful"), {{der|en|gem-pro|*hnefô}} Proto-Germanic *hnefô, {{der|en|ine-pro|*knep-|t=to scrape, scratch, grind}} Proto-Indo-European *knep- (“to scrape, scratch, grind”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*ken-|t=to scratch, scrape}} Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to scratch, scrape”), {{cog|sco|neif|t=fist}} Scots neif (“fist”), {{cog|no|neve}} Norwegian neve, {{cog|da|næve}} Danish næve, {{cog|sv|näve}} Swedish näve, {{cog|gmh|nevemez|t=handful}} Middle High German nevemez (“handful”) Head templates: {{en-noun|s|nieves}} nief (plural niefs or nieves)
  1. (chiefly Scotland, Ireland, Northern England) A fist. Tags: Ireland, Northern-England, Scotland Synonyms: nieve, nef, nefe, neff, neiff, neaf [Scotland]
    Sense id: en-nief-en-noun-Y0-nQcdE Categories (other): Irish English, Northern England English, Scottish English, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms with unexpected final devoicing, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 4 96 Disambiguation of English terms with unexpected final devoicing: 14 86 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 4 96 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 3 97
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: neif
Etymology number: 2

Noun [Middle English]

Head templates: {{head|enm|noun}} nief
  1. Alternative form of neve (“nephew”) Tags: alt-of, alternative Alternative form of: neve (extra: nephew)
    Sense id: en-nief-enm-noun-S0ipy4ca Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Noun [Old Spanish]

IPA: [ˈnjeɸ] Forms: nieues [plural]
Head templates: {{head|osp|noun|g=f|g2=|head=|sort=}} nief f, {{osp-noun|f|nieues}} nief f (plural nieues)
  1. Apocopic form of nieue (“snow”) Tags: abbreviation, alt-of, apocopic, feminine Alternative form of: nieue (extra: snow) Synonyms: nyef [alternative]
    Sense id: en-nief-osp-noun-2AOu~Znp Categories (other): Old Spanish entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

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        "2": "fro",
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      "expansion": "Old French [Term?]",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "nativus",
        "4": "",
        "5": "natural"
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      "expansion": "Latin nativus (“natural”)",
      "name": "der"
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      "args": {
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        "2": "naif",
        "3": "native"
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      "name": "doublet"
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  "etymology_text": "From Old French [Term?], from Latin nativus (“natural”). Doublet of naif and native.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "niefs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
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  "head_templates": [
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  "senses": [
    {
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        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1886, \"The Fight at the Pass of Coleshill\", The Red Dragon \"Notes and Queries\", page 471",
          "text": "That is, because the girl was his nief, or bondwoman, the daughter of one of his villains",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A serf or bondsman born into servitude."
      ],
      "id": "en-nief-en-noun-L5szx2Zs",
      "links": [
        [
          "serf",
          "serf"
        ],
        [
          "bondsman",
          "bondsman"
        ],
        [
          "servitude",
          "servitude"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) A serf or bondsman born into servitude."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
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      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "serf or bondsman born into servitude",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Sklave"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "serf or bondsman born into servitude",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Leibeigene"
        },
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          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "rodivšijsja",
          "sense": "serf or bondsman born into servitude",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "родившийся рабом"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
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      "ipa": "/niːf/"
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      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-nief.wav",
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "neve",
        "t": "the clenched hand, fist"
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      "expansion": "Middle English neve (“the clenched hand, fist”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "nefi"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse nefi",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "\"hand, fist, handful\""
      },
      "expansion": "(\"hand, fist, handful\")",
      "name": "gloss"
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hnefô"
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      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
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        "t": "to scratch, scrape"
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      "name": "der"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "neif",
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    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "no",
        "2": "neve"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian neve",
      "name": "cog"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "næve"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish næve",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "näve"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish näve",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "nevemez",
        "t": "handful"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German nevemez (“handful”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English neve (“the clenched hand, fist”), from Old Norse nefi, hnefi (also knefi) (\"hand, fist, handful\"), from Proto-Germanic *hnefô, from Proto-Indo-European *knep- (“to scrape, scratch, grind”), from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Scots neif (“fist”), Norwegian neve, Danish næve, Swedish näve, Middle High German nevemez (“handful”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "niefs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
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    },
    {
      "form": "nieves",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
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  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Irish English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Northern England English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish English",
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          "_dis": "14 86",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms with unexpected final devoicing",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "4 96",
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          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
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          "_dis": "3 97",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1934, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Grey Granite, Polygon, published 2006, A Scots Quair, page 597:",
          "text": "Ake thought if ever he was walking alone on a dark-like night and Jimmy came on him, he with his bare nieves and Jimmy with a knife, he'd stand as much chance of getting home safe as a celluloid cat that had strayed into hell[…].",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1989, Anthony Burgess, The Devil's Mode:",
          "text": "Nestorius exploded at that and hit out. He roared and dismissed the class, hitting out with his old mottled gnarled niefs.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2004, Jeff Silverman, The Greatest Boxing Stories Ever Told, page 160:",
          "text": "\"But t' Maister can stop and hit rarely. Happen he'll mak' him joomp when he gets his nief upon him.\"",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A fist."
      ],
      "id": "en-nief-en-noun-Y0-nQcdE",
      "links": [
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          "fist",
          "fist"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chiefly Scotland, Ireland, Northern England) A fist."
      ],
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        {
          "word": "nieve"
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          "word": "nef"
        },
        {
          "word": "nefe"
        },
        {
          "word": "neff"
        },
        {
          "word": "neiff"
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        {
          "tags": [
            "Scotland"
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          "word": "neaf"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Ireland",
        "Northern-England",
        "Scotland"
      ]
    }
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  "sounds": [
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      "ipa": "/niːf/"
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    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-nief.wav",
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    {
      "rhymes": "-iːf"
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  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "neif"
    }
  ],
  "word": "nief"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "nief",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "nephew",
          "word": "neve"
        }
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          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
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        "Alternative form of neve (“nephew”)"
      ],
      "id": "en-nief-enm-noun-S0ipy4ca",
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        [
          "neve",
          "neve#Middle_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
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}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nieues",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
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        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "nief f",
      "name": "head"
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        "2": "nieues"
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      "expansion": "nief f (plural nieues)",
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  "lang": "Old Spanish",
  "lang_code": "osp",
  "pos": "noun",
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    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "snow",
          "word": "nieue"
        }
      ],
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            "Entries with incorrect language header",
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        {
          "english": "And the Egyptians called it the snow of Acin, because of its white color.",
          "ref": "c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 5v:",
          "text": "Et los egiptianos llaman le la nief de acin ⁊ eſto es por que a color blanca.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Apocopic form of nieue (“snow”)"
      ],
      "id": "en-nief-osp-noun-2AOu~Znp",
      "links": [
        [
          "nieue",
          "nieue#Old_Spanish"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "alternative"
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          "word": "nyef"
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        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of",
        "apocopic",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈnjeɸ]"
    }
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  "word": "nief"
}
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    "English nouns with irregular plurals",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms with unexpected final devoicing",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Old French term requests",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/iːf",
    "Rhymes:English/iːf/1 syllable",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
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      "name": "der"
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        "English terms with historical senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
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        {
          "ref": "1886, \"The Fight at the Pass of Coleshill\", The Red Dragon \"Notes and Queries\", page 471",
          "text": "That is, because the girl was his nief, or bondwoman, the daughter of one of his villains",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A serf or bondsman born into servitude."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "serf",
          "serf"
        ],
        [
          "bondsman",
          "bondsman"
        ],
        [
          "servitude",
          "servitude"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) A serf or bondsman born into servitude."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/niːf/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-nief.wav",
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    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iːf"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "neif"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "serf or bondsman born into servitude",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Sklave"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "serf or bondsman born into servitude",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Leibeigene"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "rodivšijsja",
      "sense": "serf or bondsman born into servitude",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "родившийся рабом"
    }
  ],
  "word": "nief"
}

{
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    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English nouns with irregular plurals",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms with unexpected final devoicing",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/iːf",
    "Rhymes:English/iːf/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "neve",
        "t": "the clenched hand, fist"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English neve (“the clenched hand, fist”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "nefi"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse nefi",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "\"hand, fist, handful\""
      },
      "expansion": "(\"hand, fist, handful\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hnefô"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hnefô",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*knep-",
        "t": "to scrape, scratch, grind"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *knep- (“to scrape, scratch, grind”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ken-",
        "t": "to scratch, scrape"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to scratch, scrape”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "neif",
        "t": "fist"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots neif (“fist”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "no",
        "2": "neve"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian neve",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "næve"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish næve",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "näve"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish näve",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "nevemez",
        "t": "handful"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German nevemez (“handful”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English neve (“the clenched hand, fist”), from Old Norse nefi, hnefi (also knefi) (\"hand, fist, handful\"), from Proto-Germanic *hnefô, from Proto-Indo-European *knep- (“to scrape, scratch, grind”), from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Scots neif (“fist”), Norwegian neve, Danish næve, Swedish näve, Middle High German nevemez (“handful”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "niefs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nieves",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "s",
        "2": "nieves"
      },
      "expansion": "nief (plural niefs or nieves)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Irish English",
        "Northern England English",
        "Scottish English"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1934, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Grey Granite, Polygon, published 2006, A Scots Quair, page 597:",
          "text": "Ake thought if ever he was walking alone on a dark-like night and Jimmy came on him, he with his bare nieves and Jimmy with a knife, he'd stand as much chance of getting home safe as a celluloid cat that had strayed into hell[…].",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1989, Anthony Burgess, The Devil's Mode:",
          "text": "Nestorius exploded at that and hit out. He roared and dismissed the class, hitting out with his old mottled gnarled niefs.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2004, Jeff Silverman, The Greatest Boxing Stories Ever Told, page 160:",
          "text": "\"But t' Maister can stop and hit rarely. Happen he'll mak' him joomp when he gets his nief upon him.\"",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A fist."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fist",
          "fist"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chiefly Scotland, Ireland, Northern England) A fist."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Ireland",
        "Northern-England",
        "Scotland"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/niːf/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-nief.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-nief.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-nief.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-nief.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-nief.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iːf"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "neif"
    },
    {
      "word": "nieve"
    },
    {
      "word": "nef"
    },
    {
      "word": "nefe"
    },
    {
      "word": "neff"
    },
    {
      "word": "neiff"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Scotland"
      ],
      "word": "neaf"
    }
  ],
  "word": "nief"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "nief",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "nephew",
          "word": "neve"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English nouns",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of neve (“nephew”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "neve",
          "neve#Middle_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "nief"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nieues",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osp",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "nief f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "nieues"
      },
      "expansion": "nief f (plural nieues)",
      "name": "osp-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Spanish",
  "lang_code": "osp",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "snow",
          "word": "nieue"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Old Spanish apocopic forms",
        "Old Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Spanish feminine nouns",
        "Old Spanish lemmas",
        "Old Spanish nouns",
        "Old Spanish terms with quotations",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "And the Egyptians called it the snow of Acin, because of its white color.",
          "ref": "c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 5v:",
          "text": "Et los egiptianos llaman le la nief de acin ⁊ eſto es por que a color blanca.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Apocopic form of nieue (“snow”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nieue",
          "nieue#Old_Spanish"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of",
        "apocopic",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈnjeɸ]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ],
      "word": "nyef"
    }
  ],
  "word": "nief"
}

Download raw JSONL data for nief meaning in All languages combined (8.8kB)

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
  "msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": rabom vs. rodivšijsja",
  "path": [
    "nief"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "nief",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.