See lenition on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for lenition meaning in All languages combined (12.6kB)
{
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"2": "lenis",
"3": "ition"
},
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"name": "suffix"
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{
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"1": "la",
"2": "lēnītus",
"3": "lēnīt(us)"
},
"expansion": "Latin lēnīt(us)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lēnītiō",
"3": "",
"4": "softening"
},
"expansion": "Latin lēnītiō (“softening”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lēniō",
"3": "-tiō",
"nocat": "1",
"pos2": "action noun suffix",
"t1": "soften"
},
"expansion": "lēniō (“soften”) + -tiō (action noun suffix)",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Analyzable as lenis + -ition, or as if from Latin lēnīt(us) + -ion, or Latin lēnītiō (“softening”) from lēniō (“soften”) + -tiō (action noun suffix) (attested since at least the 1500s, the same timeframe lenition is first attested in English with the sense \"assuaging\"). Modelled on German Lenierung.",
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{
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"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
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{
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"1": "~"
},
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}
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"pos": "noun",
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{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "fortition"
}
],
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{
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{
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],
"derived": [
{
"word": "lenite"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Coordinate term: assimilation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Robert Stockwell, Donka Minkova, English Words: History and Structure, page 104",
"text": "One of these processes, the process of T-Lenition, is extremely common, even though it takes place only when the input consonant is adjacent to a small number of affixes. In this change, a stopped consonant, [p t k b d g], becomes a fricative, [s, z, š, ž]. This process is called lenition, or weakening.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Lisa M. Lavoie, Consonant Strength: Phonological Patterns and Phonetic Manifestations, page 7",
"text": "Environments are an essential part of any discussion of lenition. Textbooks often describe lenition as occurring in the weak intervocalic or word-final environments. The canonical examples of lenition given earlier in (1) through (3) all occur either between vowels or between sonorants.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "2008, Krzysztof Jaskula, Celtic, Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer, Philippe Ségéral (editors), Lenition and Fortition, Studies in Generative Grammar: 99, page 347,\nAs for Goidelic languages, the situation is clearer because Lenition III in this subfamily consisted in losing the same property as the first two lenitions, namely stopness."
},
{
"text": "2011, Naomi Gurevich, 66: Lenition, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume III: Phonological Processes, page 1573,\nFive general patterns of lenitions – all based to some extent on empirical data – are identified."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A weakening of articulation causing a consonant to become lenis (soft)."
],
"id": "en-lenition-en-noun-WHUsaWyH",
"links": [
[
"phonetics",
"phonetics"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"articulation",
"articulation"
],
[
"consonant",
"consonant"
],
[
"lenis",
"lenis"
],
[
"soft",
"soft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonetics, phonology) A weakening of articulation causing a consonant to become lenis (soft)."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonetics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenición"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "blotadur"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenició"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "輔音弱化"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǔyīn ruòhuà",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "辅音弱化"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "ruòyīnhuà",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "弱音化"
},
{
"code": "kw",
"lang": "Cornish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "treylyans medhel"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenitie"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "verzachting"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "liudentuminen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lénition"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "adoucissement"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mutation adoucissante"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenición"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "lenicia",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "ლენიცია"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Lenierung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Lenisierung"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "hekhalshút itsurím",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "החלשות עיצורים"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "gyengülés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "gyöngülés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "mássalhangzó-gyengülés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "leníció"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "séimhiú"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenizione"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mutazione dolce"
},
{
"alt": "しいんじゃっか",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shiin jakka",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "子音弱化"
},
{
"alt": "軟音化",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yeoneumhwa",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "연음화"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenitio"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boggaghys"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "lenisering"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "lenisjon"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenicja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenização"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenição"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lenícija",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "лени́ция"
},
{
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenitzione"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "analachadh"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sèimheachadh"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "linizziuni"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenición"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "yumuşama"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "meddaliad"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "meddalu"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lɪˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liːˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ləˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "lenition"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "lenite"
}
],
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"3": "ition"
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"name": "suffix"
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"1": "la",
"2": "lēnītus",
"3": "lēnīt(us)"
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"expansion": "Latin lēnīt(us)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
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"4": "softening"
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"expansion": "Latin lēnītiō (“softening”)",
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"t1": "soften"
},
"expansion": "lēniō (“soften”) + -tiō (action noun suffix)",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Analyzable as lenis + -ition, or as if from Latin lēnīt(us) + -ion, or Latin lēnītiō (“softening”) from lēniō (“soften”) + -tiō (action noun suffix) (attested since at least the 1500s, the same timeframe lenition is first attested in English with the sense \"assuaging\"). Modelled on German Lenierung.",
"forms": [
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"tags": [
"plural"
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}
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"1": "~"
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "fortition"
}
],
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -ition",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"Terms with Asturian translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Cornish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Manx translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sardinian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Sicilian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"en:Phonetics",
"en:Phonology"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Coordinate term: assimilation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Robert Stockwell, Donka Minkova, English Words: History and Structure, page 104",
"text": "One of these processes, the process of T-Lenition, is extremely common, even though it takes place only when the input consonant is adjacent to a small number of affixes. In this change, a stopped consonant, [p t k b d g], becomes a fricative, [s, z, š, ž]. This process is called lenition, or weakening.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Lisa M. Lavoie, Consonant Strength: Phonological Patterns and Phonetic Manifestations, page 7",
"text": "Environments are an essential part of any discussion of lenition. Textbooks often describe lenition as occurring in the weak intervocalic or word-final environments. The canonical examples of lenition given earlier in (1) through (3) all occur either between vowels or between sonorants.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "2008, Krzysztof Jaskula, Celtic, Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer, Philippe Ségéral (editors), Lenition and Fortition, Studies in Generative Grammar: 99, page 347,\nAs for Goidelic languages, the situation is clearer because Lenition III in this subfamily consisted in losing the same property as the first two lenitions, namely stopness."
},
{
"text": "2011, Naomi Gurevich, 66: Lenition, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume III: Phonological Processes, page 1573,\nFive general patterns of lenitions – all based to some extent on empirical data – are identified."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A weakening of articulation causing a consonant to become lenis (soft)."
],
"links": [
[
"phonetics",
"phonetics"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"articulation",
"articulation"
],
[
"consonant",
"consonant"
],
[
"lenis",
"lenis"
],
[
"soft",
"soft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonetics, phonology) A weakening of articulation causing a consonant to become lenis (soft)."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonetics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lɪˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liːˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ləˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liˈnɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenición"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "blotadur"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenició"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "輔音弱化"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǔyīn ruòhuà",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "辅音弱化"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "ruòyīnhuà",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "弱音化"
},
{
"code": "kw",
"lang": "Cornish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "treylyans medhel"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenitie"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "verzachting"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "liudentuminen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lénition"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "adoucissement"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mutation adoucissante"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenición"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "lenicia",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "ლენიცია"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Lenierung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Lenisierung"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "hekhalshút itsurím",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "החלשות עיצורים"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "gyengülés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "gyöngülés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "mássalhangzó-gyengülés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "leníció"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "séimhiú"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenizione"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mutazione dolce"
},
{
"alt": "しいんじゃっか",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shiin jakka",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "子音弱化"
},
{
"alt": "軟音化",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yeoneumhwa",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "연음화"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenitio"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boggaghys"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "lenisering"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "lenisjon"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenicja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenização"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenição"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lenícija",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "лени́ция"
},
{
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenitzione"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "analachadh"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sèimheachadh"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "linizziuni"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lenición"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"word": "yumuşama"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "meddaliad"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "weakening of consonant articulation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "meddalu"
}
],
"word": "lenition"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-06 using wiktextract (6c02f21 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.