"kupec" meaning in All languages combined

See kupec on Wiktionary

Noun [Czech]

IPA: [ˈkupɛt͡s]
Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь. Equivalent to koupit + -ec. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|cs|sla-pro|*kupьcь|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Proto-Slavic *kupьcь, {{inh+|cs|sla-pro|*kupьcь}} Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь, {{af|cs|koupit|-ec}} koupit + -ec Head templates: {{cs-noun|m-an}} kupec m anim Inflection templates: {{cs-ndecl|m.an}} Forms: animate [table-tags], kupec [nominative, singular], kupci [nominative, plural], kupce [genitive, singular], kupců [genitive, plural], kupcovi [dative, singular], kupci [dative, singular], kupcům [dative, plural], kupce [accusative, singular], kupce [accusative, plural], kupče [singular, vocative], kupci [plural, vocative], kupcovi [locative, singular], kupci [locative, singular], kupcích [locative, plural], kupcem [instrumental, singular], kupci [instrumental, plural]
  1. merchant, trader Tags: animate, masculine Categories (topical): Business, Male people, Occupations Synonyms: obchodník

Noun [Slovak]

IPA: [ˈkupet͡s]
Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь. Equivalent to kúpiť + -ec. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|sk|sla-pro|*kupьcь|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Proto-Slavic *kupьcь, {{inh+|sk|sla-pro|*kupьcь}} Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь, {{suffix|sk|kúpiť|ec}} kúpiť + -ec Head templates: {{sk-noun|m-an|decl=chlap|gen=kupca|genpl=kupcov|pl=kupci}} kupec m anim (genitive singular kupca, nominative plural kupci, genitive plural kupcov, declension pattern of chlap) Inflection templates: {{sk-decl-noun|kupec|kupca|kupcovi|kupca|kupcovi|kupcom|kupci|kupcov|kupcom|kupcov|kupcoch|kupcami}} Forms: kupca [genitive, singular], kupci [nominative, plural], kupcov [genitive, plural], chlap [declension-pattern-of], no-table-tags [table-tags], kupec [nominative, singular], kupci [nominative, plural], kupca [genitive, singular], kupcov [genitive, plural], kupcovi [dative, singular], kupcom [dative, plural], kupca [accusative, singular], kupcov [accusative, plural], kupcovi [locative, singular], kupcoch [locative, plural], kupcom [instrumental, singular], kupcami [instrumental, plural]
  1. merchant, trader Tags: animate, masculine Categories (topical): Business, Male people, Occupations
    Sense id: en-kupec-sk-noun-~Nhcj2Zb Categories (other): Slovak entries with incorrect language header, Slovak terms suffixed with -ec

Download JSON data for kupec meaning in All languages combined (7.1kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "koupit",
        "3": "-ec"
      },
      "expansion": "koupit + -ec",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь. Equivalent to koupit + -ec.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "animate",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cs-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupec",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupců",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcům",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupče",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcích",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-an"
      },
      "expansion": "kupec m anim",
      "name": "cs-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m.an"
      },
      "name": "cs-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Czech",
  "lang_code": "cs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Czech nouns with reducible stem",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Czech terms suffixed with -ec",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cs",
          "name": "Business",
          "orig": "cs:Business",
          "parents": [
            "Economics",
            "Society",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cs",
          "name": "Male people",
          "orig": "cs:Male people",
          "parents": [
            "Male",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cs",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "cs:Occupations",
          "parents": [
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "merchant, trader"
      ],
      "id": "en-kupec-cs-noun-~Nhcj2Zb",
      "links": [
        [
          "merchant",
          "merchant"
        ],
        [
          "trader",
          "trader"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "obchodník"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "animate",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkupɛt͡s]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "kupec"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "kúpiť",
        "3": "ec"
      },
      "expansion": "kúpiť + -ec",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь. Equivalent to kúpiť + -ec.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kupca",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcov",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "chlap",
      "tags": [
        "declension-pattern-of"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sk-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupec",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcov",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcov",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcoch",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-an",
        "decl": "chlap",
        "gen": "kupca",
        "genpl": "kupcov",
        "pl": "kupci"
      },
      "expansion": "kupec m anim (genitive singular kupca, nominative plural kupci, genitive plural kupcov, declension pattern of chlap)",
      "name": "sk-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kupec",
        "10": "kupcov",
        "11": "kupcoch",
        "12": "kupcami",
        "2": "kupca",
        "3": "kupcovi",
        "4": "kupca",
        "5": "kupcovi",
        "6": "kupcom",
        "7": "kupci",
        "8": "kupcov",
        "9": "kupcom"
      },
      "name": "sk-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Slovak",
  "lang_code": "sk",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Slovak terms suffixed with -ec",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "sk",
          "name": "Business",
          "orig": "sk:Business",
          "parents": [
            "Economics",
            "Society",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "sk",
          "name": "Male people",
          "orig": "sk:Male people",
          "parents": [
            "Male",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "sk",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "sk:Occupations",
          "parents": [
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "merchant, trader"
      ],
      "id": "en-kupec-sk-noun-~Nhcj2Zb",
      "links": [
        [
          "merchant",
          "merchant"
        ],
        [
          "trader",
          "trader"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "animate",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkupet͡s]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "kupec"
}
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "koupit",
        "3": "-ec"
      },
      "expansion": "koupit + -ec",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь. Equivalent to koupit + -ec.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "animate",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cs-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupec",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupců",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcům",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupče",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcích",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-an"
      },
      "expansion": "kupec m anim",
      "name": "cs-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m.an"
      },
      "name": "cs-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Czech",
  "lang_code": "cs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Czech animate nouns",
        "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
        "Czech lemmas",
        "Czech masculine animate nouns",
        "Czech masculine nouns",
        "Czech nouns",
        "Czech nouns with reducible stem",
        "Czech soft masculine animate nouns",
        "Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
        "Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
        "Czech terms suffixed with -ec",
        "Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "cs:Business",
        "cs:Male people",
        "cs:Occupations"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "merchant, trader"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "merchant",
          "merchant"
        ],
        [
          "trader",
          "trader"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "obchodník"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "animate",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkupɛt͡s]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "kupec"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kupьcь"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "kúpiť",
        "3": "ec"
      },
      "expansion": "kúpiť + -ec",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kupьcь. Equivalent to kúpiť + -ec.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kupca",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcov",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "chlap",
      "tags": [
        "declension-pattern-of"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sk-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupec",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupci",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcov",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcov",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcoch",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kupcami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-an",
        "decl": "chlap",
        "gen": "kupca",
        "genpl": "kupcov",
        "pl": "kupci"
      },
      "expansion": "kupec m anim (genitive singular kupca, nominative plural kupci, genitive plural kupcov, declension pattern of chlap)",
      "name": "sk-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kupec",
        "10": "kupcov",
        "11": "kupcoch",
        "12": "kupcami",
        "2": "kupca",
        "3": "kupcovi",
        "4": "kupca",
        "5": "kupcovi",
        "6": "kupcom",
        "7": "kupci",
        "8": "kupcov",
        "9": "kupcom"
      },
      "name": "sk-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Slovak",
  "lang_code": "sk",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Slovak animate nouns",
        "Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
        "Slovak lemmas",
        "Slovak masculine nouns",
        "Slovak nouns",
        "Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
        "Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
        "Slovak terms suffixed with -ec",
        "Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "sk:Business",
        "sk:Male people",
        "sk:Occupations"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "merchant, trader"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "merchant",
          "merchant"
        ],
        [
          "trader",
          "trader"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "animate",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkupet͡s]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "kupec"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.