See kułak on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "trk",
"3": "*kulak"
},
"expansion": "Turkic",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák), perhaps from Turkic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kułaczka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaczek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kułak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułacy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kułacy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"dim": "kułaczek",
"f": "kułaczka"
},
"expansion": "kułak m pers (female equivalent kułaczka, diminutive kułaczek)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧łak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "pl:Agriculture",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "74 17 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 16 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 37 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 29 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "70 21 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 11 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "pl:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Soviet Union",
"orig": "pl:Soviet Union",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kułacki"
},
{
"word": "kułactwo"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kułaczeć"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kułaczyć"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kulak (wealthy peasant who owned land and hired workers; in Poland, the term became more widespread during the 1950s)"
],
"id": "en-kułak-pl-noun-NVkn5wLp",
"links": [
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"kulak",
"kulak"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(agriculture, historical, usually derogatory) kulak (wealthy peasant who owned land and hired workers; in Poland, the term became more widespread during the 1950s)"
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"historical",
"masculine",
"person",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"lifestyle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuˈwak/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ak"
},
{
"homophone": "Kułak"
}
],
"word": "kułak"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kułakować"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "uk",
"3": "кула́к"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Ukrainian кула́к (kulák)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ukrainian кула́к (kulák).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kułak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "kułak m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧łak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gens": "kułaka"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 49 24",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "pl:Violence",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tightly-clenched fist"
],
"id": "en-kułak-pl-noun-nQH111Ok",
"links": [
[
"tightly",
"tightly"
],
[
"clenched",
"clenched"
],
[
"fist",
"fist"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) tightly-clenched fist"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pięść"
}
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"punch (hit or a strike with one's fist)"
],
"id": "en-kułak-pl-noun-7xaYfOZ8",
"links": [
[
"punch",
"punch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) punch (hit or a strike with one's fist)"
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuˈwak/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ak"
},
{
"homophone": "Kułak"
}
],
"word": "kułak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Russian",
"Polish terms borrowed from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Russian",
"Polish terms derived from Turkic languages",
"Polish terms derived from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ak",
"Rhymes:Polish/ak/2 syllables",
"pl:Body language",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Soviet Union",
"pl:Violence"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kułacki"
},
{
"word": "kułactwo"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kułaczeć"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kułaczyć"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "trk",
"3": "*kulak"
},
"expansion": "Turkic",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák), perhaps from Turkic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kułaczka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaczek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kułak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułacy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kułacy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"dim": "kułaczek",
"f": "kułaczka"
},
"expansion": "kułak m pers (female equivalent kułaczka, diminutive kułaczek)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧łak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish derogatory terms",
"Polish terms with historical senses",
"pl:Agriculture"
],
"glosses": [
"kulak (wealthy peasant who owned land and hired workers; in Poland, the term became more widespread during the 1950s)"
],
"links": [
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"kulak",
"kulak"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(agriculture, historical, usually derogatory) kulak (wealthy peasant who owned land and hired workers; in Poland, the term became more widespread during the 1950s)"
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"historical",
"masculine",
"person",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"lifestyle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuˈwak/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ak"
},
{
"homophone": "Kułak"
}
],
"word": "kułak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ak",
"Rhymes:Polish/ak/2 syllables",
"pl:Body language",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Soviet Union",
"pl:Violence"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kułakować"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "uk",
"3": "кула́к"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Ukrainian кула́к (kulák)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ukrainian кула́к (kulák).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kułak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kułakach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kułaki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "kułak m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧łak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gens": "kułaka"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish dated terms"
],
"glosses": [
"tightly-clenched fist"
],
"links": [
[
"tightly",
"tightly"
],
[
"clenched",
"clenched"
],
[
"fist",
"fist"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) tightly-clenched fist"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pięść"
}
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish dated terms"
],
"glosses": [
"punch (hit or a strike with one's fist)"
],
"links": [
[
"punch",
"punch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) punch (hit or a strike with one's fist)"
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuˈwak/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ak"
},
{
"homophone": "Kułak"
}
],
"word": "kułak"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kułak meaning in All languages combined (6.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (e937b02 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.